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Exam 22: Phylogenetic Reconstruction

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Question 21

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Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family (Ursidae) but place the lesser panda in the raccoon family (Procyonidae) . If the molecular data best reflect the evolutionary history of these two groups, then the morphological similarities of these two species is most likely due to which of the following processes?

A) the inheritance of acquired characteristics
B) sexual selection
C) possession of analogous (convergent) traits
D) possession of shared primitive characters

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Question 22

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Which of the following statements most accurately describes the evolution of chloroplasts?

A) Chloroplasts evolved independently in all three domains
B) Chloroplasts evolved in the Archaea
C) Chloroplasts evolved in Eukarya
D) Chloroplasts evolved from a common ancestor of Proteobacteria

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Question 23

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The following phylogeny shows six living species (a-f) and five ancestral (now extinct) species (1-5) . If the phylogeny had been developed on the basis of similarities in bone structure, which of the following predictions would you make in terms of the structure of a particular enzyme?

Eukaryotes that are not closely related and that do not share many anatomical similarities can still be placed together on the same phylogenetic tree. Which of the following approaches would be most appropriate for doing this?

From which taxon did mitochondria evolve?

In which type of classification system are names assigned only to groups that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants?

Scientists have hypothesized that the common ancestors of birds and mammals, possessed three-chambered hearts (two atria, one ventricle) . Birds and mammals, however, are alike in having four-chambered hearts (two atria, two ventricles) . Which of the following statements best describes the four-chambered hearts of birds and mammals?

Use the following information to answer the question. According to the phylogenetic tree in the figure above, what type of evolutionary group does G. intestinalis constitute?

In the phylogenetic trees shown, each number represents a unique species of organisms. Which two species are represented as sister species in Tree 2 but are not represented as sister species in Tree 1?

Use the figure to answer the following question. Gymnosperms and angiosperms are both types of plants that produce seeds. Which of the following claims is best supported by this phylogenetic tree?

The kingdom Monera was dismantled because of which of the following reasons?

What kind of evidence has recently made it necessary to assign the prokaryotes to either of two different domains, rather than assigning all prokaryotes to the same kingdom?

In which phylogenetic tree are the chytrids and ascomycetes shown as being more distantly related than in the other phylogenetic trees?

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the model of evolutionary relatedness represented in the phylogenetic tree?

The question refers to the table, which compares the percent sequence homology of four different parts of a gene (two introns and two exons) that is found in five different eukaryotic species. The data show the percentage of sequence homology of each intron and exon in comparison to the sequences in species A. Percentage of Sequence Homology Which of these four gene parts should allow the construction of the most accurate phylogenetic tree, assuming that this is the only part of the gene that has acted as a reliable molecular clock?

The figure represents a phylogenetic tree of birds and their closest relatives. Which group of organisms represents the outgroup in the clade that includes only crocodilians, ornithischian dinosaurs, saurischian dinosaurs, and birds?

The question refers to the table, which compares the percent sequence homology of four different parts of a gene (two introns and two exons) that is found in five different eukaryotic species. The data show the percentage of sequence homology of each intron and exon in comparison to the sequences in species A. % Sequence Homology Based on the data in the table, which phylogenetic tree is the most likely depiction of the evolutionary relationships among these five species?

Which of the following statements is accurate, at least according to our present knowledge?

Which of the following processes would, if it had acted upon a gene, prevent this gene from acting as a reliable molecular clock?

Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A grouping that consists of species T, X, Y, and Z (but not U or V) makes up ________.