A) has the most empirical validation to support it.
B) is all-encompassing and seeks to explain the full range of all motivated action.
C) is recognized by leaders in the field for having been around longer than other theories.
D) explains only the theoretical aspects of human motivation.
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A) Motivation theorists first embraced drive theory.
B) Motivation theorists first embraced instinct theory.
C) Motivation researchers began to reject "grand" theories in favor of "mini-theories."
D) motivation researchers began to reject "mini-theories" in favor of "grand" theories.
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A) mechanical nature of the body
B) reason of the mind
C) bodily, animal-like appetites
D) socially referenced standards
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A) Motivation is the approach of positive incentives and avoidance of negative incentives.
B) Motivation arises from the passions of the body and the reason of the mind.
C) Motivation is the sum of all bodily needs.
D) Motivation comes from discrepancies between what one wants to have and what one actually has.
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A) Darwin's biological determinism
B) Descartes' mind-body distinction
C) Freud's theory of unconscious motivation
D) Lewin's theory of purpose
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A) arousal
B) drive
C) instinct
D) optimization
E) the will
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A) Instincts energize behavior, but they do not direct behavior toward a particular goal.
B) Instincts exist on an enormous scale in the animal kingdom.
C) Instinct theory confuses naming with explaining.
D) Two animals with identical instincts will show very similar motivations when they are raised in two very different environments.
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A) crisis and revolution
B) new paradigm
C) paradigmatic
D) pre-paradigmatic
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A) aspects of human motivation only.
B) a single motivational phenomenon.
C) only the antecedents to motivated action, not its outcomes or consequences.
D) all of the above
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A) it could explain only specific phenomena such as effort, self-control, and self-regulation.
B) it proved to be as mysterious and difficult to explain as was the motivation it supposedly generated.
C) its underlying explanatory logic was exposed as circular.
D) it focused only on explaining the direction of behavior, not the energization of behavior.
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A) a focus on naturally occurring instances of motivation outside the research laboratory
B) an ideological shift away from studying animal, biological, and evolutionary motivational constructs
C) the emergence of motivation study as the most important field in the study of psychology
D) the understanding that motivation is a constant, fluctuating, and universal aspect of every living person.
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A) As a discipline within psychology, motivation is on the verge of extinction.
B) Motivation is the most important discipline in the field of psychology.
C) Motivation study is a subfield within the psychology of learning.
D) Motivation study possesses a critical mass of interested and prominent participants.
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A) a focus on naturally occurring instances of motivation outside the research laboratory.
B) an ideological shift away from studying animal, biological, and evolutionary motivational constructs.
C) the emergence of motivation study as the most important field in the study of psychology.
D) the understanding that motivation is a constant, fluctuating, and universal aspect of every living person.
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