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A grand theory of motivation is one that:


A) has the most empirical validation to support it.
B) is all-encompassing and seeks to explain the full range of all motivated action.
C) is recognized by leaders in the field for having been around longer than other theories.
D) explains only the theoretical aspects of human motivation.

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Explain why the mini-theories of motivation replaced the grand theories.

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The mini-theories of motivation replaced...

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What important event in the history of motivation occurred in the 1960s?


A) Motivation theorists first embraced drive theory.
B) Motivation theorists first embraced instinct theory.
C) Motivation researchers began to reject "grand" theories in favor of "mini-theories."
D) motivation researchers began to reject "mini-theories" in favor of "grand" theories.

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Explain why motivation study abandoned the will (to adopt the instinct) as its preferred way of explaining motivation.

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Motivation studies abandoned the will (t...

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Explain why adopting the assumption of the active organism was such an important change, or turning point, in the historical thinking about motivation.

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The adoption of the assumption of the ac...

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In the early philosophical study of human motivation, the tripartite mind was reduced to a dualism.Which of the following aspects of motivation was not included as part of that dualism?


A) mechanical nature of the body
B) reason of the mind
C) bodily, animal-like appetites
D) socially referenced standards

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Which of the following statements best reflects the study of motivation circa 1700?


A) Motivation is the approach of positive incentives and avoidance of negative incentives.
B) Motivation arises from the passions of the body and the reason of the mind.
C) Motivation is the sum of all bodily needs.
D) Motivation comes from discrepancies between what one wants to have and what one actually has.

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Which scientific event opened the intellectual door for psychologists to study the instinct as a potential grand theory of motivation?


A) Darwin's biological determinism
B) Descartes' mind-body distinction
C) Freud's theory of unconscious motivation
D) Lewin's theory of purpose

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Define each of the following four terms in Hull's behavior theory: E = H x D x K. Also, identify which term or terms are motivational in nature.

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In Hull's behavior theory, the equation ...

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Charles Darwin's biological determinism and the study of animal's inherited behavior gave rise to which motivational concept?


A) arousal
B) drive
C) instinct
D) optimization
E) the will

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Which of the following proved to be an important criticism to refute instinct theory?


A) Instincts energize behavior, but they do not direct behavior toward a particular goal.
B) Instincts exist on an enormous scale in the animal kingdom.
C) Instinct theory confuses naming with explaining.
D) Two animals with identical instincts will show very similar motivations when they are raised in two very different environments.

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In which of the following developmental stages of a scientific discipline does the following occur: An unexplained anomaly that cannot be explained emerges. A new way of thinking begins to emerge. Some participants resist the new way of thinking, while other participants begin to embrace the new and improved way of thinking.


A) crisis and revolution
B) new paradigm
C) paradigmatic
D) pre-paradigmatic

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Explain why the study of facial expressions of emotion were so important (informative) in the history of emotion research.

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The study of facial expressions of emoti...

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A mini-theory of motivation seeks to understand and explain:


A) aspects of human motivation only.
B) a single motivational phenomenon.
C) only the antecedents to motivated action, not its outcomes or consequences.
D) all of the above

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Name, discuss, and provide a concrete example of one problem (criticism) associated with drive theory.

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Name: Drive Theory

Discussion: Drive th...

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The chapter concludes by arguing that motivation researchers in the 1970s realized that they were asking the wrong question about the nature of motivation.What was that wrong question, and what is the better question that guides current motivation research?

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The wrong question that motivation resea...

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The will failed as a grand theory of motivation primarily because:


A) it could explain only specific phenomena such as effort, self-control, and self-regulation.
B) it proved to be as mysterious and difficult to explain as was the motivation it supposedly generated.
C) its underlying explanatory logic was exposed as circular.
D) it focused only on explaining the direction of behavior, not the energization of behavior.

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In terms of the historical study of motivation, what was so important about the fact that motivational thinkers began to embrace the cognitive revolution?


A) a focus on naturally occurring instances of motivation outside the research laboratory
B) an ideological shift away from studying animal, biological, and evolutionary motivational constructs
C) the emergence of motivation study as the most important field in the study of psychology
D) the understanding that motivation is a constant, fluctuating, and universal aspect of every living person.

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Which statement best reflects the state of contemporary motivation study?


A) As a discipline within psychology, motivation is on the verge of extinction.
B) Motivation is the most important discipline in the field of psychology.
C) Motivation study is a subfield within the psychology of learning.
D) Motivation study possesses a critical mass of interested and prominent participants.

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In terms of the historical study of motivation, what was so important about the fact that motivational thinkers began to emphasize the active nature of the person?


A) a focus on naturally occurring instances of motivation outside the research laboratory.
B) an ideological shift away from studying animal, biological, and evolutionary motivational constructs.
C) the emergence of motivation study as the most important field in the study of psychology.
D) the understanding that motivation is a constant, fluctuating, and universal aspect of every living person.

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