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Exam 12: Juries and Judges As Decision Makers

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Question 21

Multiple Choice

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_____ occurs when group pressure results in holdout jurors changing their votes, even if their opinions of the case did not change.

A) Open conflict
B) Informational influence
C) Normative influence
D) Reactance influence

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Question 22

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Studies show that people somewhat consistently treat defendants of their own _____ more leniently.

A) race
B) gender
C) social status
D) political creed

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Question 23

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Most characteristics of a defendant do not seem to have any straightforward influence on a verdict. Among them are the following characteristics, EXCEPT:

Juries have the power to make all of the following life-changing decisions, EXCEPT:

In real life, we often use information about a person's past behavior to interpret his or her current actions. When jurors are supposed to _____ this type of evidence from the defendant's past, they often _____.

The lack of clear evidence often leads jurors to consider other factors such as pretrial publicity and prior beliefs. This phenomenon is known as the _____ hypothesis.

When jurors are instructed to disregard the inadmissible evidence, they sometimes feel there is no good reason for such an instruction. Instead, they give that evidence an even greater weight in their decision making. This process is assumed by _____ theory.

When a judge dictates that certain evidence is to be ignored, jurors often feel that their freedom to choose to consider all evidence is threatened. Reactance theory suggests that this may motivate the jurors to consider the _____ evidence to a _____ degree when contemplating a verdict.

Typically, jurors are provided with instructions _____. Studies show that preinstructions given to a jury before the beginning of a trial help jurors _____.

Information released in the media through pretrial publicity is often _____ at trial.

The process by which jurors change their opinions because of compelling arguments from other jurors is known as:

Differences in opinion among jury members often occur. At this point, various coalitions may develop, and this may even lead to attacks against each other. A common term for this phase of the deliberation process is:

At times, juries deliberately decide to ignore, disregard, or go beyond the law because doing otherwise would violate the moral conscience of the community. This action is known as:

Certain characteristics of the defendant are often considered by jurors. For example, Phillip is a known gang member. He was on trial for the death of a priest that he ran over while evading the police. In this case, it is likely that Phillip will receive a verdict that would be _____ if he had killed a _____.

Jurors that create a causal chain of events while listening to the evidence are assumed to be utilizing the _____ model of decision making.

The story model predicts that jurors select the verdict:

It turns out that the jury nullification option is a double-edged sword. Studies have showed that the nullification instructions allow juries to treat _____ offenders more leniently and _____ offenders more harshly.

During George Zimmerman's trial for killing Trayvon Martin, all of the following circumstances likely contributed to the jury's verdict of "not guilty," EXCEPT:

Compared with 12-person juries, 6-person juries, on average:

In court, all of the following pieces of information can be considered impeachment evidence, EXCEPT for the defendant's: