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Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

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Question 121

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In an effort to get his dog to roll over, Bronn gives his dog a treat if he turns to the left. After the dog is reliably turning left, he must get down on the ground to get another treat. Then again he has to roll left for the treats. Finally the dog has to roll over to get a treat. Bronn is using the method known as

A) higher-order conditioning
B) punishment
C) backward pairing
D) shaping
E) classical conditioning

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Question 122

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Ben nearly drowned as a child and has since developed a deep fear of not only swimming, but all water in general. When Ben seeks help from Dr. Brown, the first thing Dr. Brown does is take Ben to a swimming pool and force him to get into the water. Dr. Brown is using:

A) an in vivo exposure therapy
B) a cognitive therapy
C) aversion therapy
D) systematic desensitization therapy

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Question 123

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You are training an animal using forward short-delay pairing. Which of the following would be the BEST pairing interval?

Learning is typically slowest under which of the following conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus pairings?

In aversion therapy, a stimulus that triggers an unwanted behaviour is paired with:

The process in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus after being paired with an already established conditioned stimulus is called:

You are conducting an experiment in which you are trying to manipulate the immune response of rats by using the principles of classical conditioning. First, for several days of an experiment, you give rats artificially sweetened water with an immune system-enhancing drug in it. You later remove the drug and notice that the immune Systems of rats are boosted when they consume the sweetened water. In your experiment, what is the unconditioned response (UCR) ?

The phenomenon of instinctual drift was introduced to illustrate a limitation of operant conditioning.

Habituation has strong adaptive significance because it allows organisms to learn not to respond to stimuli.

Usually, learning through classical conditioning occurs more quickly with:

Discriminative conditioning is said to occur when a neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with an already established CS.

Ahmen adopts a dog from the local animal shelter. When Ahmen's mother comes home that day, she runs to the dog to pet her, but the dog cowers and puts her tail between her legs. The dog continues to exhibit this response whenever Ahmen's mother approaches her. Eventually, after several weeks, the dog cowers less until finally, Ahmen's mother is able to pet the dog. What the dog has learned is that Ahmen's mother will not harm her; therefore, her response decreases with time. This is an example of:

Animals placed on this schedule of reinforcement often show a pause briefly after being reinforced possibly because they have learned that the next response is never reinforced. This animal behaviour is indicative of the schedule of reinforcement.

Jayden is trying to teach his dog some tricks. So, every time the dog rolls over, he gives him a doggie treat. Jayden is using

When Richard had an accident in his parent's car, he had his license suspended for 6 months. This outcome was intended to decrease his poor driving habits, therefore taking his license away is considered:

A child is bitten by a German Shepherd when he is young. When he grows up, the child develops a fear of not just German Shepherds, but of all dogs and he refuses to go near them. The fact that this person now avoids all dogs illustrates the process of:

Variable schedules of reinforcement have been shown to produce greater resistance to extinction compared to fixed schedules of reinforcement.

In a research study, a dog learned to salivate in response to a tone presented alone. In this case, the salivation would technically be considered a(n) :

There are many examples of training animals to assist humans. Police dogs that are used to locate illegal drugs and pigeons that can peck a signal button when they spot an orange life-jacket in the water both demonstrate application of the principles of ________.

When you tell your dog, "Sit," and she does, you almost always give her a small treat. In this example, which of the following would be considered a discriminative stimulus?