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DNA was isolated from three different cell types of the same organism, the relative DNA content for each type was determined, and the results were plotted on the graph shown in the figure below. Refer to the graph to answer the following questions. DNA was isolated from three different cell types of the same organism, the relative DNA content for each type was determined, and the results were plotted on the graph shown in the figure below. Refer to the graph to answer the following questions.    -Which sample of DNA might be from a cell that stopped the process of cell division in Gā‚€ phase of the cell cycle prior to meiosis? A)  I B)  II C)  III D)  either I or II -Which sample of DNA might be from a cell that stopped the process of cell division in Gā‚€ phase of the cell cycle prior to meiosis?


A) I
B) II
C) III
D) either I or II

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Which of the following statements defines a genome?


A) the complete set of an organism's polypeptides
B) the complete set of a species' polypeptides
C) a karyotype
D) the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences

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D

Imagine that there are 25 different species of protists living in a tide pool. Some of these species reproduce both sexually and asexually, and some of them can reproduce only asexually. The pool gradually becomes infested with disease-causing viruses and bacteria. Which species are more likely to thrive in the changing environment?


A) The sexually reproducing species is likely to thrive.
B) The asexually reproducing species is likely to thrive.
C) Sexually and asexually reproducing species are equally likely to thrive.
D) Neither species will be able to thrive.

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Which of the following statements describes one characteristic of each chromosome in a cell during the entire process of meiosis I?


A) Each chromosome is paired with a homologous chromosome.
B) Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere.
C) Each chromosome consists of a single strand of DNA.
D) Each chromosome is joined with its homologous pair to form a synaptonemal complex.

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Somatic cells of roundworms have four individual chromosomes per cell. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in an ovum from a roundworm?


A) four
B) two
C) eight
D) a diploid number

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Which of the following processes might produce a human zygote with 45 chromosomes?


A) an error in meiotic anaphase occurring in either an egg or sperm
B) failure of the egg nucleus to be fertilized by the sperm
C) failure of an egg to complete meiosis II
D) incomplete cytokinesis during spermatogenesis after meiosis I

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Asexual reproduction occurs during which of the following processes?


A) meiosis
B) mitosis
C) fertilization
D) the exchange of chromosomes between organisms of different species

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Which of the following processes occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis?


A) chromosome replication
B) synapsis of chromosomes
C) alignment of chromosomes at the equator
D) condensation of chromosomes

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At which stage of mitosis are chromosomes usually photographed in the preparation of a karyotype?


A) prophase
B) metaphase
C) anaphase
D) interphase

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If a cell has completed meiosis I and the first cytokinesis, and is just beginning meiosis II, which of the following is an appropriate description of its genetic contents?


A) It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis.
B) It has half the chromosomes but twice the DNA of the parent cell.
C) It has one-fourth the DNA and one-half the chromosomes as the parent cell.
D) It is genetically identical to another cell formed from the same meiosis I event.

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Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that


A) sister chromatids separate during anaphase.
B) DNA replicates before the division.
C) the daughter cells are diploid.
D) homologous chromosomes synapse.

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Which of the following statements describes a major difference between meiosis II and mitosis in a diploid animal?


A) Homologous chromosomes align on the metaphase plate in meiosis II.
B) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, and homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis II.
C) Meiosis II occurs in a haploid cell, while mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
D) Crossing over of chromosomes takes place in meiosis II.

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When chiasmata can first be seen in cells using a microscope, which of the following processes has most likely occurred?


A) meiosis II
B) anaphase II
C) prophase I
D) the separation of homologs

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Quaking aspen trees can send out underground stems for asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is not as common, but when it does happen, the haploid gametes have 19 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the cells of the underground stems?


A) 9
B) 10
C) 19
D) 38

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D

Which of the following statements is correct in comparing sexual and asexual reproduction?


A) Asexual reproduction, but not sexual reproduction, is characteristic of only plants and fungi.
B) In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear genes to each of their offspring.
C) In asexual reproduction, offspring are produced by fertilization without meiosis.
D) Asexual reproduction produces only haploid offspring.

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How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that are in prophase of meiosis I?


A) The cells have half the number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA.
B) The cells have the same number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA.
C) The cells have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA.
D) The cells have half the amount of cytoplasm and twice the amount of DNA.

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Which of the following statements describes an example of alternation of generations?


A) A grandparent and grandchild each have dark hair, but the parent has blond hair.
B) A diploid plant (sporophyte) produces a spore by meiosis that gives rise to a multicellular, haploid pollen grain (gametophyte) .
C) A diploid animal produces gametes by meiosis, and the gametes undergo fertilization to produce a diploid zygote.
D) A haploid mushroom produces gametes by mitosis, and the gametes undergo fertilization, which is immediately followed by meiosis.

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Refer to the information and figure below to answer the following questions. A certain (hypothetical) organism is diploid, has either blue or orange wings as the consequence of one of its genes on chromosome 12, and has either long or short antennae as the result of a second gene on chromosome 19, as shown in the figure. Refer to the information and figure below to answer the following questions. A certain (hypothetical)  organism is diploid, has either blue or orange wings as the consequence of one of its genes on chromosome 12, and has either long or short antennae as the result of a second gene on chromosome 19, as shown in the figure.    -A female with a paternal set of one orange and one long gene chromosome and a maternal set comprised of one blue and one short gene chromosome would be expected to produce which of the following types of eggs after meiosis? A)  All eggs will have maternal types of gene combinations. B)  All eggs will have paternal types of gene combinations. C)  Half the eggs will have maternal and half will have paternal combinations. D)  Each egg has a one-fourth chance of having either blue long, blue short, orange long, or orange short combinations. -A female with a paternal set of one orange and one long gene chromosome and a maternal set comprised of one blue and one short gene chromosome would be expected to produce which of the following types of eggs after meiosis?


A) All eggs will have maternal types of gene combinations.
B) All eggs will have paternal types of gene combinations.
C) Half the eggs will have maternal and half will have paternal combinations.
D) Each egg has a one-fourth chance of having either blue long, blue short, orange long, or orange short combinations.

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If a horticulturist breeding gardenias succeeds in having a single plant with a particularly desirable set of traits, which of the following would be her most probable and efficient route to establishing a line of such plants?


A) Backtrack through her previous experiments to obtain another plant with the same traits.
B) Breed this plant with another plant with much weaker traits.
C) Clone the plant.
D) Force the plant to self-pollinate to obtain an identical one.

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For a species with a haploid number of 23 chromosomes, how many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes are possible for the gametes based on the independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis?


A) 23
B) 46
C) about 1,000
D) about 8 million

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D

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