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One of the Big Five personality factors is


A) reciprocal determinism.
B) secure self-esteem.
C) agreeableness.
D) self-serving bias.

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The stability of personality during adulthood best illustrates the value of


A) secure self-esteem.
B) an internal locus of control.
C) factor analysis.
D) the trait perspective.

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Sheen is usually animated and talkative when he is with his girlfriend,but he is often quiet and reserved at home. He actively participates in many class discussions but frequently seems reluctant to talk with friends at the campus coffee shop. Sheen's behavior should make us more cautious about overemphasizing the impact of ________ on behavior.


A) personality traits
B) self-serving bias
C) reciprocal determinism
D) self-esteem

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Psychologists assess a wide range of emotional and behavioral traits by means of


A) reciprocal determinism.
B) the Barnum effect.
C) personality inventories.
D) the spotlight effect.

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People's scores on a test of extraversion are likely to be most strongly correlated with the number of social conversations they initiate during the course of a single


A) hour.
B) day.
C) week.
D) month.

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Sexually active undergraduate women who do not consistently use contraceptives often perceive themselves as less vulnerable to unwanted pregnancy than do other undergraduate women. This best illustrates


A) low self-esteem.
B) the Barnum effect.
C) the spotlight effect.
D) unrealistic optimism.

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Personality is fruitfully studied at multiple levels of analysis because people are best understood as


A) unconscious information processors.
B) biopsychosocial organisms.
C) demonstrating self-serving bias.
D) possessing enduring traits.

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A personality inventory that utilizes only those items that have been shown to differentiate particular groups of people is a(n) ________ test.


A) factor analytic
B) self-report
C) projective
D) empirically derived

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Compared with those who perceive an external locus of control,people who perceive an internal locus of control are more likely to


A) be introverted personalities.
B) give others unconditional love.
C) conform to social pressure.
D) effectively delay gratification of their impulses.

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Which theorists have been most directly criticized for underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation?


A) social-cognitive
B) self
C) humanistic
D) trait

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In assessing candidates for spy missions during World War II,U.S. Army psychologists subjected them to simulated undercover conditions. This best illustrates the use of an assessment strategy favored by the ________ perspective.


A) trait
B) biopsychosocial
C) social-cognitive
D) humanistic

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Learned helplessness is MOST likely to be associated with


A) self-serving bias.
B) an external locus of control.
C) the false consensus effect.
D) introversion.

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Individuals with high self-esteem are more likely than those with low self-esteem to


A) work persistently at difficult tasks.
B) experience an external locus of control.
C) dismiss flattering descriptions of themselves as untrue.
D) underestimate the accuracy of their own beliefs.

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Trait theorists are more concerned with ________ personality than with ________ it.


A) predicting; assessing
B) describing; explaining
C) changing; analyzing
D) interpreting; observing

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The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the interactive influences of our traits and our


A) temperaments.
B) situations.
C) emotions.
D) self-concepts.

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The MMPI is an example of a


A) projective test.
B) personality inventory.
C) factor analytic test.
D) self-esteem test.

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Compared with European-American students,Asian-American students express a somewhat greater ________ about their future performance,which may help to explain their impressive academic achievements.


A) secure self-esteem
B) self-serving bias
C) false consensus effect
D) pessimism

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Because Mr. Maloney trusts his employees,he treats them kindly. His kindness leads them to work diligently on his behalf,which in turn increases his trust in them. This pattern of trust,kindness,diligence,and increasing trust illustrates what is meant by


A) secure self-esteem.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) external locus of control.
D) reciprocal determinism.

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Trait theory attempts to


A) show how development of personality is a lifelong process.
B) describe and classify people in terms of their predispositions to behave in certain ways.
C) determine which traits are most conducive to individual self-actualization.
D) explain how behavior is shaped by the interaction between traits,behavior,and the environment.

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Randy's substandard academic performance is both a result and a cause of his feelings of academic inferiority. This best illustrates the importance of


A) self-serving bias.
B) the Barnum effect.
C) reciprocal determinism.
D) the false consensus effect.

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