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Before psychologists can begin a research project with human participants, they must receive approval from the


A) American Psychological Association.
B) Association of Psychological Science.
C) National Science Foundation.
D) institutional review board.

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Any researcher who is interested in studying creativity must


A) rely on inferential statistics.
B) account for the directionality problem.
C) create an operational definition to measure creativity.
D) measure event-related potentials.

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Suppose a research study does a good job at making sure the results generalize to the real world, but does NOT do a good job preventing confounds.This research study


A) has external validity but not internal validity.
B) has internal validity but not external validity.
C) has construct validity but not external validity.
D) has external validity but not inferential validity.

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How are the scientific goals of description and explanation different?


A) Description aims to identify the state of a research field; explanation aims to discuss the future of a research field.
B) Description aims to characterize what a phenomenon is; explanation aims to illustrate why a phenomenon occurs.
C) Explanation aims to identify the state of a research field; description aims to discuss the future of a research field.
D) Explanation aims to characterize what a phenomenon is; description aims to illustrate why a phenomenon occurs.

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If a researcher shared the email addresses of study participants with an advertising agency not involved in the study, that researcher would be guilty of violating what specific ethical principle?


A) confidentiality
B) anonymity
C) risk/benefit ratio
D) deception

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Paloma randomly assigns participants to two groups.She wants to compare a group that receives a treatment with a group that receives no treatment.The group that gets no treatment is the group.


A) variable
B) confounded
C) experimental
D) control

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Why do scientists and researchers use statistical methods to determine whether their results are statistically significant?


A) They want to find out whether their findings would be likely to occur by chance.
B) They want to report the mean, median, and mode of their data.
C) They want to collect information on the reliability of the measures they used.
D) They want to interrogate the external validity of their research.

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Researchers are likely to choose a correlational design when


A) they are concerned that there will be a third variable problem.
B) the directionality problem is likely.
C) it is impossible to control the variables being studied.
D) they are using psychophysiological assessments.

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If you want to know how far apart scores in a data set tend to be, you could use the


A) mean.
B) median.
C) mode.
D) standard deviation.

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In which of the following types of descriptive studies does a researcher remain separated from the situation and make no attempt to change it?


A) naturalistic observation
B) participant observation
C) longitudinal study
D) cross-sectional study

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Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of events in a typical experimental session?


A) experiment, informed consent, debriefing
B) debriefing, informed consent, experiment
C) informed consent, debriefing, experiment
D) informed consent, experiment, debriefing

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Researchers assess people's performances with respect to a given behavior at the beginning of a study before manipulating a variable so they can identify what happens to behavior when they manipulate a variable.The use of control groups and groups that experience a manipulation of a variable is characteristic of


A) correlational studies.
B) longitudinal research.
C) naturalistic observation.
D) experimental research.

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Which of the following statements is true of theories in science?


A) Good theories lead to a number of testable hypotheses.
B) A good hypothesis will support a number of different theories.
C) Good theories are unlikely to be supported by research findings.
D) A good hypothesis will ultimately replace the theory it was designed to test.

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Using correlational studies, Dr.Shemmassian studies whether exposure to violence in the media leads to violent behavior.Suppose she finds that participants who have been exposed to more violence in the media are, in general, more violent, but it is not clear which one causes the other.The problem in interpreting her results involves


A) directionality.
B) selection bias.
C) sampling error.
D) confounds.

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Dr.Smith reads about a research study investigating whether a reading intervention has a positive effect on children's performances in school.She decides to repeat the same study to see if she obtains similar results.She is engaging in


A) meta-analysis.
B) experience sampling.
C) replication.
D) correlational research.

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Suppose a researcher intended to study people's levels of happiness by monitoring how often they smile or laugh when watching a movie.If this measurement truly indicates level of happiness, psychologists would say that the data are


A) systematic.
B) reliable.
C) valid.
D) event related.

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According to the text, variables, by definition,


A) cannot be measured.
B) can be changed or evaluated.
C) can involve random assignment.
D) can be constants.

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When confounds are present in an experiment, they result in


A) an increase in the possibility of selection bias.
B) a decrease in the reactivity of the experimental participants.
C) possible alternative explanations for the results of the experiment.
D) the same treatment for experimental and control groups in the experiment.

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Which of the following formal elements of the scientific method consists of a set of interconnected ideas or concepts?


A) a theory
B) a hypothesis
C) an experiment
D) None of the answer options is correct.

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Students who study little for tests tend to make more errors on tests; students who study a lot tend to make fewer errors.If a researcher collected data on both amount of studying and test scores, he or she would likely spot an)


A) inferential statistic.
B) variable standard deviation.
C) positive correlation.
D) negative correlation.

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