Question 1

The bone can supply calcium to the plasma by what process?

Accepted Answer

A)  ossification
B)  filtration
C)  resorption
D)  reabsorption
E)  calcification

Question 2

Consumption of salty foods without drinking water will increase plasma osmolarity and cause cells to shrink.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

A substance is in positive balance when

Accepted Answer

A)  it exits plasma at a greater rate than it enters plasma.
B)  it enters plasma at the same rate it exits plasma.
C)  its production by cells is decreased.
D)  its usage by cells is increased.
E)  it enters plasma at a greater rate than it exits plasma.

Question 4

A decrease in plasma calcium will initiate an increase in the release of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  parathyroid hormone only
B)  calcitonin only
C)  1,25- dihydroxy vitamin D3 only
D)  both parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
E)  both parathyroid hormone and 1,25- dihydroxy vitamin D3

Question 5

When an increase in hydrogen ions remains after one hour, this will lead to a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  increased hydrogen reabsorption in the kidneys.
B)  increase in hydrogen ion secretion from the kidneys.
C)  decrease in bicarbonate reabsorption in the kidneys.
D)  failure of the kidneys to filter any more hydrogen ions.
E)  increase in bicarbonate secretion in the kidneys.

Question 6

How does severe vomiting cause a metabolic alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  loss of phosphate
B)  production of hydrogen ions
C)  loss of hydrogen ions
D)  production of bicarbonate
E)  loss of bicarbonate

Question 7

As the body becomes dehydrated, the osmolarity of the body fluids decreases.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

The obligatory water loss refers to the lowest volume of urine that must be produced to eliminate solutes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Aldosterone is released from the in response to _ .

Accepted Answer

A)  adrenal cortex : increases in plasma potassium
B)  posterior pituitary : increases in plasma osmolarity
C)  macula densa : increased flow of tubular fluid in the distal tubule
D)  adrenal medulla : decreases in plasma sodium
E)  pancreas : increases in plasma glucose

Question 10

Aquaporin- 3 is located on what membrane in the absence of ADH?

Accepted Answer

A)  proximal tubule basolateral membrane
B)  principal cells apical membrane
C)  intercalated cells basolateral membrane
D)  proximal tubule apical membrane
E)  principal cells basolateral membrane

Question 11

A substance is in negative balance when

Accepted Answer

A)  its usage by cells is decreased.
B)  it enters plasma at a greater rate than it exits plasma.
C)  its production by cells is increased.
D)  it exits plasma at a greater rate than it enters plasma.
E)  it enters plasma at the same rate it exits plasma.

Question 12

What hormone stimulates the release of aldosterone?

Accepted Answer

A)  ADH
B)  aldosterone
C)  angiotensin II
D)  atrial natriuretic peptide
E)  parathyroid hormone

Question 13

What regulates the rate of water loss?

Accepted Answer

A)  lungs
B)  kidney
C)  skin
D)  digestive tract
E)  cardiovascular system

Question 14

If hydrogen ions are added to a solution, the pH will

Accepted Answer

A)  increase.
B)  decrease.
C)  remain the same.

Question 15

Plasma can gain solutes and/or water from which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  gastrointestinal tract only
B)  renal tubules only
C)  bone only
D)  both the gastrointestinal tract and bone
E)  both the gastrointestinal tract and renal tubules

Question 16

What hormone decreases calcium levels in blood?

Accepted Answer

A)  calcitonin
B)  parathyroid hormone
C)  ADH
D)  angiotensin II
E)  aldosterone

Question 17

What solute maintains the medullary interstitial fluid osmotic gradient?

Accepted Answer

A)  sodium ions
B)  urea
C)  water
D)  glucose
E)  potassium ions

Question 18

Seawater has an osmolarity of around 1000 mOsm, mostly from dissolved sodium. Given what you know about the osmolarity in most of the cells in the body, why is it dangerous to drink seawater?

Accepted Answer

A)  In the nervous system, the additional extracellular sodium concentration would slow down the normal flow of sodium ions used to generate action potentials.
B)  In the digestive system, the seawater would draw more water out of the bloodstream than would be absorbed, leading to severe dehydration.
C)  In the cardiovascular system, the higher sodium levels would decrease the pressure in the arteries making it more difficult to get blood to the systemic capillaries.
D)  In membrane transport, the increased sodium concentration would slow down secondary active transport of glucose into cells.
E)  In the renal system, the osmolarity of the medulla of the kidney would become even more concentrated.

Question 19

Which of the following accurately describes the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

Accepted Answer

A)  permeable to water and does NOT contain Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters
B)  permeable to water and contains Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters
C)  permeable to water in the presence of specific hormones
D)  impermeable to water and does NOT contain Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters
E)  impermeable to water and contains Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a response to hemorrhage?

Accepted Answer

A)  increased epinephrine secretion
B)  decreased renin secretion
C)  increased ADH release
D)  increased angiotensin II production
E)  increased sympathetic activity

Exam 19: The Urinary System: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Which of the following accurately describes the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A substance is in negative balance when

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Consumption of salty foods without drinking water will increase plasma osmolarity and cause cells to shrink.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What regulates the rate of water loss?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A substance is in positive balance when

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How does severe vomiting cause a metabolic alkalosis?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Plasma can gain solutes and/or water from which of the following?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Aldosterone is released from the in response to _ .

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The obligatory water loss refers to the lowest volume of urine that must be produced to eliminate solutes.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What hormone decreases calcium levels in blood?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Aquaporin- 3 is located on what membrane in the absence of ADH?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What solute maintains the medullary interstitial fluid osmotic gradient?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Seawater has an osmolarity of around 1000 mOsm, mostly from dissolved sodium. Given what you know about the osmolarity in most of the cells in the body, why is it dangerous to drink seawater?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What hormone stimulates the release of aldosterone?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

As the body becomes dehydrated, the osmolarity of the body fluids decreases.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is NOT a response to hemorrhage?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If hydrogen ions are added to a solution, the pH will

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The bone can supply calcium to the plasma by what process?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A decrease in plasma calcium will initiate an increase in the release of which of the following?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When an increase in hydrogen ions remains after one hour, this will lead to a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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