Question 1

In both the proximal and distal tubules, the reabsorption of sodium involves the active transport of sodium across the basolateral membrane.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

The primary function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)  is to

Accepted Answer

A)   increase potassium secretion thereby decreasing potassium reabsorption.
B)   increase sodium secretion thereby decreasing sodium reabsorption.
C)   decrease potassium secretion thereby increasing potassium reabsorption.
D)   increase the stretching capacity of the atria.
E)   decrease sodium secretion thereby increasing sodium reabsorption.

Question 3

What enzyme converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II?

Accepted Answer

A)   renin
B)   angiotensin converting enzyme (AC
E)  
C)   atrial natriuretic peptide
D)   carbonic anhydrase
E)   mucin

Question 4

ADH increases the insertion of aquaporin -2 where?

Accepted Answer

A)   proximal tubule basolateral membrane
B)   intercalated cells basolateral membrane
C)   principal cells apical membrane
D)   principal cells basolateral membrane
E)   proximal tubule apical membrane

Question 5

Kidneys compensate for changes in plasma volume and osmolarity by adjusting the rate of water

Accepted Answer

A)   reabsorption only.
B)   secretion only.
C)   resorption only.
D)   reabsorption and secretion.
E)   secretion and resorption.

Question 6

The activity of the respiratory system can increase pH by

Accepted Answer

A)   a hypoventilation -induced increase in PCO2.
B)   a hyperventilation -induced decrease in PCO2.
C)   a hyperventilation -induced increase in PCO2.
D)   a hypoventilation -induced decrease in PCO2.
E)   increasing the amount of carbonic acid in the blood.

Question 7

Changes in acid -base balance are continuously occurring. The body must adjust to those changes through three mechanisms that differ in their ability to affect pH and in their time courses. Describe the three mechanisms that respond to changes in blood pH and their temporal course.

Accepted Answer

The first line of defense against a chan...

Question 8

How might a high -protein diet cause metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

A)   loss of hydrogen ions
B)   direct production of hydrogen ions
C)   loss of phosphate
D)   loss of bicarbonate
E)   production of phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid

Question 9

Receptors for ADH are located where?

Accepted Answer

A)   principal cells basolateral membrane
B)   proximal tubule apical membrane
C)   principal cells apical membrane
D)   intercalated cells basolateral membrane
E)   proximal tubule basolateral membrane

Question 10

Under severe acidic conditions, the proximal tubules can convert________into bicarbonate.

Accepted Answer

A)   glutamate
B)   glycine
C)   glutamine
D)   carbon monoxide
E)   lysine

Question 11

What stimulates atrial natriuretic peptide release?

Accepted Answer

A)   changes in the concentration of sodium in the blood of the atrium
B)   renin
C)   changes in the concentration of potassium in the blood of the atrium
D)   distension of the atrial wall due to an increase in plasma volume
E)   distension of the atrial wall due to an increase in blood pressure

Question 12

Which of the following diseases is associated with decreased responsiveness of the renal tubules to ADH?

Accepted Answer

A)   diabetes mellitus type 1
B)   diabetes mellitus type 2
C)   diabetic nephropathy
D)   nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
E)   central diabetes insipidus

Question 13

In a state of negative balance, the quantity of a substance in the plasma tends to increase.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Renal compensation is the final mechanism for the reversal of pH change within the body. Describe the mechanisms that underlie renal compensation, including the proteins involved in hydrogen and bicarbonate transport within the proximal and distal tubules. Include mechanisms for synthesis of new bicarbonate.

Accepted Answer

In the proximal tubules, bicarbonate rea...

Question 15

A patient is exhibiting several signs of acid -base imbalance. Blood tests reveal that blood pH is 7.5, and bicarbonate and carbon dioxide levels in blood are both low. What is the state of this patient?

Accepted Answer

A)   metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation
B)   respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation
C)   respiratory acidosis with renal compensation
D)   metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
E)   Blood pH is normal.

Question 16

In comparison with the renal cortex, fluid in the proximal tubule is hyperosmotic.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

If nothing else is removed from the filtrate once it reaches the late distal tubules, the urine excreted would have which of the following properties?

Accepted Answer

A)   low osmolarity and low volume
B)   high osmolarity and low volume
C)   devoid of ions and large volume
D)   low osmolarity and large volume
E)   high osmolarity and large volume

Question 18

How does severe diarrhea cause a metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

A)   loss of phosphate
B)   production of bicarbonate
C)   loss of bicarbonate
D)   loss of hydrogen ions
E)   production of hydrogen ions

Question 19

Which statement BEST distinguishes metabolic acidosis from respiratory acidosis?

Accepted Answer

A)   Metabolic acidosis is a disturbance in blood pH caused by exercise as opposed to hyper -or hypoventilation.
B)   Metabolic acidosis occurs due to changes in PO2 as opposed to PCO2.
C)   Metabolic acidosis occurs due to changes in bicarbonate as opposed to PCO2.
D)   Metabolic acidosis occurs due to changes in blood glucose as opposed to changes in PO2 and PCO2.
E)   Metabolic acidosis is a disturbance in blood pH caused by something other than an abnormal PCO2.

Question 20

Which of the following conditions triggers the release of renin?

Accepted Answer

A)   high blood pressure
B)   low blood pressure
C)   increased sympathetic stimulation
D)   atrial stretching due to increased plasma volume
E)   increased mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Exam 19: The Urinary System: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

What enzyme converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II?

Correct Answer
verified

What stimulates atrial natriuretic peptide release?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following diseases is associated with decreased responsiveness of the renal tubules to ADH?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following conditions triggers the release of renin?

Correct Answer
verified

In both the proximal and distal tubules, the reabsorption of sodium involves the active transport of sodium across the basolateral membrane.

Correct Answer
verified

Which statement BEST distinguishes metabolic acidosis from respiratory acidosis?

Correct Answer
verified

Under severe acidic conditions, the proximal tubules can convert________into bicarbonate.

Correct Answer
verified

The activity of the respiratory system can increase pH by

Correct Answer
verified

Kidneys compensate for changes in plasma volume and osmolarity by adjusting the rate of water

Correct Answer
verified

If nothing else is removed from the filtrate once it reaches the late distal tubules, the urine excreted would have which of the following properties?

Correct Answer
verified

ADH increases the insertion of aquaporin -2 where?

Correct Answer
verified

In a state of negative balance, the quantity of a substance in the plasma tends to increase.

Correct Answer
verified

How might a high -protein diet cause metabolic acidosis?

Correct Answer
verified

In comparison with the renal cortex, fluid in the proximal tubule is hyperosmotic.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
In the proximal tubules, bicarbonate rea...
View Answer

Changes in acid -base balance are continuously occurring. The body must adjust to those changes through three mechanisms that differ in their ability to affect pH and in their time courses. Describe the three mechanisms that respond to changes in blood pH and their temporal course.

Correct Answer
verified
The first line of defense against a chan...
View Answer

Receptors for ADH are located where?

Correct Answer
verified

The primary function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is to

Correct Answer
verified

A patient is exhibiting several signs of acid -base imbalance. Blood tests reveal that blood pH is 7.5, and bicarbonate and carbon dioxide levels in blood are both low. What is the state of this patient?

Correct Answer
verified

How does severe diarrhea cause a metabolic acidosis?

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 19: The Urinary System: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

What enzyme converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What stimulates atrial natriuretic peptide release?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following diseases is associated with decreased responsiveness of the renal tubules to ADH?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following conditions triggers the release of renin?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In both the proximal and distal tubules, the reabsorption of sodium involves the active transport of sodium across the basolateral membrane.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which statement BEST distinguishes metabolic acidosis from respiratory acidosis?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Under severe acidic conditions, the proximal tubules can convert________into bicarbonate.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The activity of the respiratory system can increase pH by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Kidneys compensate for changes in plasma volume and osmolarity by adjusting the rate of water

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If nothing else is removed from the filtrate once it reaches the late distal tubules, the urine excreted would have which of the following properties?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

ADH increases the insertion of aquaporin -2 where?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In a state of negative balance, the quantity of a substance in the plasma tends to increase.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How might a high -protein diet cause metabolic acidosis?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In comparison with the renal cortex, fluid in the proximal tubule is hyperosmotic.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedIn the proximal tubules, bicarbonate rea...View AnswerShow Answer

Changes in acid -base balance are continuously occurring. The body must adjust to those changes through three mechanisms that differ in their ability to affect pH and in their time courses. Describe the three mechanisms that respond to changes in blood pH and their temporal course.

Correct AnswerverifiedThe first line of defense against a chan...View AnswerShow Answer

Receptors for ADH are located where?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The primary function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A patient is exhibiting several signs of acid -base imbalance. Blood tests reveal that blood pH is 7.5, and bicarbonate and carbon dioxide levels in blood are both low. What is the state of this patient?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How does severe diarrhea cause a metabolic acidosis?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
In the proximal tubules, bicarbonate rea...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified
The first line of defense against a chan...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified