A) plate motions, because they are too slow to account for repeated cycles of glacial advances and retreats.
B) large meteorite impacts, because they are not periodic and their effects are short- lived.
C) volcanism, because it does not occur at regular intervals and its effects are too brief.
D) orbital mechanics, because its effects are too slight to account for global climatic changes.
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A) when the cycles are opposed, wintertime radiation increases, causing increased precipitation.
B) when the cycles coincide, summertime radiation is reduced.
C) when the cycles are opposed, solar radiation is at a minimum.
D) when the cycles coincide, winters are much more severe.
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A) thin, seasonal polar ice caps consisting of frozen CO2.
B) small valley glaciers that recede in summer due to extensive water evaporation. extensive linear glaciers that form a network of canals that cover much of the planet.
C) continental ice sheets only half the size of the Earth's ice- age glaciation.
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A) ancient volcanic catastrophes can be confirmed and dated by ice- core analysis.
B) the ice- age atmosphere was more windy than the atmosphere today.
C) the atmospheric CO2 content was significantly lower during the ice ages than it is today.
D) isotopes of CO2 trapped in glacial ice provide a geochemical thermometer of ice- age temperatures.
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A) till is less sorted and stratified than outwash.
B) till is better sorted and stratified than outwash.
C) till contains only smaller particles while outwash contains both small and large rock fragments.
D) till is darker in color than outwash.
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Glacier formation begins with a snowfall...View Answer
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A) speleothems in tropical caves.
B) glacial sediments.
C) mammal fossils in permafrost.
D) fossil pollen preserved in lake sediments.
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A) a sheet of ice covered more than 6 million square miles of the continent.
B) a warming trend began 20,000 years ago that ultimately brought the ice age to an end.
C) the ice sheet stripped regolith 15-25 meters deep from regions of Canada and the United States.
D) the ice sheet stretched the full breadth of southern Canada and the northern United States.
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A) the areas that retain evidence of Permian glaciation were at that time near the South Pole.
B) Permian glaciation was initiated after the breakup of Pangaea.
C) evidence of this glaciation may be found in Australia, South America, India, and South Africa.
D) this glaciation occurred about 245-286 million years ago.
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A) it is found in high- latitude periglacial environments.
B) it consists of soil, sediments, and bedrock that is consistently below freezing.
C) it is usually very shallow, and seldom over 100 feet deep.
D) it underlies about 25% of the Earth's land surface.
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A) 3- 5 meters.
B) 0.5- 1.0 meter.
C) 0.5 meter.
D) 1- 2 meters.
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A) Accumulation is less than ablation.
B) Accumulation is greater than ablation.
C) Accumulation and ablation are equal.
D) All of the above.
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A) isotope and fission- track dating of ash layers.
B) geomagnetic- stratigraphy dating of deeper cores.
C) carbon- 14 dating of organic material in deep- sea mud cores.
D) observing fossil foraminifera whose size was dependent on temperature.
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A) accumulation and ablation are equal.
B) accumulation is less than ablation.
C) accumulation is greater than ablation.
D) All of the above.
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A) rapid internal deformation of the ice.
B) a large buildup of snow in the zone of accumulation.
C) the weight of sediment trapped within the glacier.
D) an accumulation of water at the base of the glacier.
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A) a well- sorted sediment deposited as a glacier advances.
B) a sedimentary rock produced by lithification of till.
C) a metamorphic rock formed from glacial till that has been subjected to high pressure.
D) an unsorted moraine.
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A) rocks and boulders melting from the ice.
B) snow from the previous winter covering the glacier ice.
C) icebergs calving into a lake.
D) exposed, bare ice.
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A) Abrasion is most accelerated in subpolar zones.
B) Prolonged abrasion by fine, gritty rocks may produce a smooth polished finish on the underlying bedrock.
C) The abrading stones may eventually be pulverized to form glacial flour.
D) Formation of striations is facilitated by ice movement within accumulation areas up- glacier of the equilibrium line.
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A) air circulating through the spaces in accumulated snowpacks causes some of the snow to sublimate.
B) winter low temperatures probably contribute less to glacial growth than cool, cloudy, brief summers.
C) water produced by pressure melting migrates to open spaces in the snowpack and refreezes.
D) most precipitation in glacial areas consists of hard- packed snow pellets called firn.
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A) was the Earth's first known ice age, and occurred during the Precambrian Era.
B) refers to the present Quaternary ice age, which, in geologic terms, has been shorter than many of the Earth's earlier ice ages.
C) was a period of cooler global temperatures from about 1300 to 1850 A.D. and included glacial expansion in mid- latitude mountain ranges.
D) was the last major Pleistocene episode of glaciation, and ended about 10,000 years ago.
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