Question 1

Compared to a cross-sectional study, a longitudinal study

Accepted Answer

A)  takes less time to complete
B)  has to deal with potential cohort effects
C)  has attrition as its major difficulty
D)  has to be concerned about counterbalancing properly

Question 2

All of the following could be used to control for subject bias, except

Accepted Answer

A)  using some degree of deception
B)  conducting an unobtrusive field study
C)  doing a manipulation check
D)  informing participants of the hypothesis instead of deceiving them

Question 3

Terman's studies of gifted children

Accepted Answer

A)  showed clear evidence of a detrimental cohort effect
B)  was flawed by problems with attrition
C)  used a longitudinal design
D)  used a cross-sectional design

Question 4

Experimenter bias can be reduced by using

Accepted Answer

A)  trained experimenters instead of machines
B)  a placebo control group
C)  a double-blind procedure
D)  a between-subjects rather than a within-subjects design

Question 5

For which of the following empirical questions would a within-subjects design be preferred?

Accepted Answer

A)  Who learns mazes more quickly, male or female rats?
B)  Do participants give harsher jail sentences to unattractive defendants?
C)  Is the Ponzo illusion stronger for those raised in a Western, industrialized cultures?
D)  Is the Ponzo illusion stronger with the parallel lines horizontal or vertical?

Question 6

A within-subjects design

Accepted Answer

A)  requires more subjects than a comparable between-subjects design
B)  must deal with the problem of order effects
C)  tests different groups of participants at each level of the independent variable
D)  includes at least three different groups of subjects

Question 7

When using a matching procedure

Accepted Answer

A)  participants are tested upon completion of the study as a manipulation check.
B)  participants are tested upon completion of the study for an assessment of individual differences.
C)  participants with different scores are paired then a member of each pair is randomly assigned to each level of the independent variable.
D)  participants with similar scores are paired then a member of each pair is randomly assigned to each level of the independent variable.

Question 8

In a cross-sectional comparison of intelligence in people aged 20, 40, and 60, differences might be due to aging but they might also be due to the different rearing conditions experienced by participants. This latter interpretation illustrates a(n) _______ effect.

Accepted Answer

A)  cohort
B)  placebo
C)  attrition
D)  order

Question 9

When using matching to create equivalent groups, a matching variable is

Accepted Answer

A)  any factor that is believed to correlate with the dependent measure being used
B)  another name for the independent variable
C)  always a subject variable
D)  never actually measured

Question 10

How might experimenter bias be communicated to subjects in animal research?

Accepted Answer

A)  experimenters are more likely to cheat (animals can't report fraud) 
B)  animals in different groups might be handled differently by experimenters
C)  the subjects will experience different degrees of evaluation apprehension
D)  none of the above - experimenter bias only occurs in research with human subjects

Question 11

The general procedure used to control for order effects is called

Accepted Answer

A)  randomization
B)  double blind
C)  counterbalancing
D)  automation

Question 12

Which of the following is true of Terman's study of gifted children?

Accepted Answer

A)  it illustrated the problem of cohort effects in cross-sectional studies
B)  unlike many longitudinal studies, attrition was very low
C)  it combined longitudinal and cross-sectional methods into a single design
D)  it showed that intellectually gifted children have serious problems with social skills

Question 13

In a study on eating behavior, Robinson et al. (2014) controlled for _____ that subjects might figure out that the number of cookies eaten was the dependent measure.

Accepted Answer

A)  obesity levels
B)  evaluation apprehension
C)  demand characteristic
D)  experimenter bias

Question 14

What is accomplished by random assignment?

Accepted Answer

A)  possible order effects are controlled
B)  possible confounds are spread evenly through the different groups
C)  an equal number of subjects per group is assured
D)  a representative sample is selected from the population

Question 15

When is it most likely that a between-subjects design is being used?

Accepted Answer

A)  when a Latin square is mentioned in the design
B)  when the independent variable is a manipulated variable
C)  when a subject variable is being used
D)  whenever there are more than 40 subjects being tested

Question 16

Sometimes a subject's behavior is affected by the mere knowledge that he or she is participating in an experiment. Historically, this has been termed

Accepted Answer

A)  the Hawthorne effect
B)  the good subject effect
C)  the evaluation apprehension effect
D)  the bad subject effect

Question 17

Automating the procedures as much as possible and using a double-blind procedure will help to reduce

Accepted Answer

A)  subject bias only
B)  experimenter bias only
C)  both subject bias and experimenter bias
D)  neither subject bias nor experimenter bias

Question 18

All of the following characterize within-subjects designs except

Accepted Answer

A)  concern over order effects
B)  requires smaller N than comparable between-subjects designs
C)  researcher will use either random assignment or matching
D)  some form of counterbalancing will be used

Question 19

Five golfers each hit 50 brand A golf balls, while at the same time and on the same driving range five other golfers hit 50 brand B golf balls. On average, the brand B balls go significantly farther. The difference is most likely due to

Accepted Answer

A)  a warm-up effect
B)  a change in wind direction
C)  individual differences
D)  evaluation apprehension

Question 20

Which of the following is true about cohort effects?

Accepted Answer

A)  they are less important if the ages compared are 50, 60, and 70 (as opposed to 5, 6, and 7) 
B)  they are a version of the general problem of controlling order effects
C)  they are more of a problem for longitudinal than for cross-sectional studies
D)  they create a potential nonequivalent groups problem

Exam 6: Methodological Control in Experimental Research

For which of the following empirical questions would a within-subjects design be preferred?

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Terman's studies of gifted children

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Which of the following is true of Terman's study of gifted children?

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When using matching to create equivalent groups, a matching variable is

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Experimenter bias can be reduced by using

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Which of the following is true about cohort effects?

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The general procedure used to control for order effects is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is accomplished by random assignment?

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When using a matching procedure

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When is it most likely that a between-subjects design is being used?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Five golfers each hit 50 brand A golf balls, while at the same time and on the same driving range five other golfers hit 50 brand B golf balls. On average, the brand B balls go significantly farther. The difference is most likely due to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

All of the following could be used to control for subject bias, except

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Sometimes a subject's behavior is affected by the mere knowledge that he or she is participating in an experiment. Historically, this has been termed

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A within-subjects design

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How might experimenter bias be communicated to subjects in animal research?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

All of the following characterize within-subjects designs except

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In a cross-sectional comparison of intelligence in people aged 20, 40, and 60, differences might be due to aging but they might also be due to the different rearing conditions experienced by participants. This latter interpretation illustrates a(n) _______ effect.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In a study on eating behavior, Robinson et al. (2014) controlled for _____ that subjects might figure out that the number of cookies eaten was the dependent measure.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Compared to a cross-sectional study, a longitudinal study

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Automating the procedures as much as possible and using a double-blind procedure will help to reduce

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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