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Exam 6: Learning

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Question 1

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In the beginning of Pavlov's experiments,the dogs' act of drooling was a(n) ____,because it was unlearned.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus

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Question 2

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Consider John Watson's experiment with the eight-month-old boy,Albert.Albert became fearful of not only white rats but also various white fuzzy objects that resembled white rats.His aversion to the other objects was most likely due to ____.

A) stimulus specification
B) stimulus discrimination
C) stimulus generalization
D) stimulus presentation

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Question 3

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The ____ with which the appearance of the UCS can be predicted by the CS will also determine whether a conditioned response is formed.

Why might people tend to develop fears or phobias to certain items or situations more easily than others?

____ contend that the reason people more easily develop phobias for certain objects or situations is because they once posed a real danger to our ancestors.

The relationship between behavior and its consequences is called the ____ because behavior becomes more or less likely based on the effect it has in producing desirable or undesirable consequences.

Differentiate between punishment and negative reinforcement.

The type of learning that occurs due to ____ helps you prepare for future events but seldom allows you to change those events.

The last time you went to the gym,you exercised too strenuously with weights and your muscles were sore for two days.You decide to discontinue going to the gym and working out with weights.Your sore muscles were a ____.

Which of the following elicits a response?

What type of learning is Pavlov associated with?

A lab rat receives a food pellet after the first response on trial 1,the third response on trial 2,and the sixth response on trial 3,and so on.This schedule appears to be a ____.

Former soldiers who long ago overcame the panic attacks they experienced during combat may reexperience acute anxiety while viewing a movie containing graphic war scenes.Which of the following explains this situation?

A stimulus is a ____ because of what it does,not because of what it is.

In order to reduce employee fatigue,many employee unions in the United States,Canada,and Europe pressured management to replace the fixed-ratio piecework pay with a ____ wage.

Which important element in operant conditioning comes into existence through classical conditioning?

In Garcia and Koelling's experiment on taste aversion using rats,the authors concluded that it makes evolutionary sense that the rats associated their nausea with ____.

Johnny receives a piece of candy each time he is courteous or helpful with his classmates.Soon Johnny is voted "most polite" by all his peers.This type of learning is called ____.

Andrea was hoping to get the next promotion at work.All of her coworkers agree that she would make a great office administrator.However,the office manager decides that Donna will be the next office administrator.Everyone knows that Donna is the manager's wife's friend.This is the fifth time Andrea has been passed over for a promotion.Her coworkers begin noticing that Andrea seems distant,unmotivated,reclusive and depressed.When other promotions become available at the office,Andrea decides she will not apply for them.What type of learning does Andrea demonstrate in not applying for these promotions?

When people and animals are placed on a fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule,it produces high response rates,with only brief pauses following reinforcement.Why do people and animals on fixed-ratio schedules take such short breaks before working again on their tasks?