Question 1

Behaviorism began,in part,as a protest against the views of

Accepted Answer

A)  Watson.
B)  Pavlov.
C)  the structuralists.
D)  the ethologists.

Question 2

Who of the following was the first to investigate operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  David Premack
B)  Edward Thorndike
C)  Ivan Pavlov
D)  Carl Jung

Question 3

When animals are trained for circus acts or other shows,in most cases their training relies mainly on

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning.
B)  positive reinforcement.
C)  punishment.
D)  vicarious reinforcement.

Question 4

In an experiment on classical conditioning,the training may go through three steps.If so,the only possible order of those steps is:

Accepted Answer

A)  acquisition,extinction,spontaneous recovery
B)  acquisition,spontaneous recovery,extinction
C)  extinction,acquisition,spontaneous recovery
D)  spontaneous recovery,acquisition,extinction

Question 5

Pavlov believed that presenting the CS at nearly the same time as the UCS caused

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulation of the reward centers in the brain.
B)  distraction leading to extinction of the CR.
C)  the growth of a connection between the CS center and the UCS center in the brain.
D)  backward conditioning,later known as operant conditioning.

Question 6

In an experiment on classical conditioning,a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes.After several repetitions,subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone.In this experiment,the tone is the __________ and the puff of air is the __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus...unconditioned stimulus
B)  conditioned stimulus...conditioned response
C)  unconditioned stimulus...unconditioned response
D)  conditioned response...unconditioned response

Question 7

A study examining playground behavior of children found that by offering simple reinforcements for safe behavior,the frequency of dangerous behaviors could be decreased.These results are consistent with

Accepted Answer

A)  behavior modification.
B)  free will of the children.
C)  self-reinforcement.
D)  classical conditioning.

Question 8

According to the social-learning approach,a large percentage of what people do is based on

Accepted Answer

A)  imitation.
B)  classical conditioning.
C)  schedules of reinforcement.
D)  the law of effect.

Question 9

The probability of a given response is decreased by

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement.
B)  negative reinforcement.
C)  punishment.
D)  either negative reinforcement or punishment.

Question 10

Rats drink a saccharin solution and then are injected with something that makes them slightly ill.They learn to avoid the saccharin solution.What is unusual about this type of learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rats learn even if the taste and illness are separated by hours.
B)  Rats show no sign of learning until the taste-illness pairing has been repeated dozens of times.
C)  Rats show no indication of either stimulus generalization or discrimination in this type of learning.
D)  Rats forget this type of learning unless they receive daily practice.

Question 11

Under a continuous schedule of reinforcement the animal is reinforced

Accepted Answer

A)  after a fixed number of responses.
B)  after a fixed amount of time.
C)  after a variable number of responses.
D)  after every response.

Question 12

In some drug abusers,drug tolerance develops through classical conditioning.The conditioned stimulus in these cases is

Accepted Answer

A)  the drug administration ritual.
B)  the positive feelings produced by the drug.
C)  the body's countermeasures against the effects of the drug.
D)  the drug's entry into the brain.

Question 13

Which of the following is most likely to increase your feelings of self-efficacy?

Accepted Answer

A)  a balance between the effects of vicarious reinforcement and the effects of vicarious punishment
B)  a balance between the effects of conditioned reinforcers and the effects of unconditioned reinforcers
C)  successful performance of tasks similar to the one you are considering
D)  training on a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement

Question 14

Which kind of behaviorist would accept references to mental experiences,as long as they are cautiously inferred from observable behaviors?

Accepted Answer

A)  A radical behaviorist,but not a methodological behaviorist.
B)  A methodological behaviorist,but not a radical behaviorist.
C)  Both methodological and radical behaviorists.
D)  No self-respecting behaviorist (radical,methodological,or otherwise) would ever accept references to mental experiences.

Question 15

You observe that your older cousin has become a successful physician,so you decide you would like to become a physician too.What kind of learning has taken place here?

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning
B)  vicarious reinforcement
C)  primary reinforcement
D)  backward conditioning

Question 16

According to the ____________________ of reinforcement,each of us has a normal "equilibrium" state in which we divide our time among various activities.

Accepted Answer

disequilib...

Question 17

Who discovered classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Skinner
B)  Ebbinghaus
C)  Pavlov
D)  Thorndike

Question 18

In operant conditioning,shaping means

Accepted Answer

A)  molding the animal into position so it can or must make the response.
B)  providing punishments for all responses other than the desired one.
C)  recording the brain waves that occur during and after a learned response.
D)  reinforcing successive approximations to the desired response.

Question 19

When someone acquires a complex response through reinforcement for gradual approximations to the response,the training procedure is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping.
B)  conditioned reinforcement.
C)  classical conditioning.
D)  molding.

Question 20

If you learn to turn off a dripping faucet to end the "drip,drip,drip" sound,your behavior was changed through

Accepted Answer

A)  chaining.
B)  negative reinforcement.
C)  positive reinforcement.
D)  omission training.

Exam 6: Learning

Rats drink a saccharin solution and then are injected with something that makes them slightly ill.They learn to avoid the saccharin solution.What is unusual about this type of learning?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Under a continuous schedule of reinforcement the animal is reinforced

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Who discovered classical conditioning?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

You observe that your older cousin has become a successful physician,so you decide you would like to become a physician too.What kind of learning has taken place here?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Pavlov believed that presenting the CS at nearly the same time as the UCS caused

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In an experiment on classical conditioning,a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes.After several repetitions,subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone.In this experiment,the tone is the __________ and the puff of air is the __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Who of the following was the first to investigate operant conditioning?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is most likely to increase your feelings of self-efficacy?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In some drug abusers,drug tolerance develops through classical conditioning.The conditioned stimulus in these cases is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Behaviorism began,in part,as a protest against the views of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When animals are trained for circus acts or other shows,in most cases their training relies mainly on

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In operant conditioning,shaping means

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If you learn to turn off a dripping faucet to end the "drip,drip,drip" sound,your behavior was changed through

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In an experiment on classical conditioning,the training may go through three steps.If so,the only possible order of those steps is:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the social-learning approach,a large percentage of what people do is based on

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which kind of behaviorist would accept references to mental experiences,as long as they are cautiously inferred from observable behaviors?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The probability of a given response is decreased by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A study examining playground behavior of children found that by offering simple reinforcements for safe behavior,the frequency of dangerous behaviors could be decreased.These results are consistent with

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When someone acquires a complex response through reinforcement for gradual approximations to the response,the training procedure is known as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the ____________________ of reinforcement,each of us has a normal "equilibrium" state in which we divide our time among various activities.

Correct Answerverifieddisequilib...View AnswerShow Answer

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In an experiment on classical conditioning,a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes.After several repetitions,subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone.In this experiment,the tone is the and the puff of air is the .

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disequilib...
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