Exam 2: From Natural Philosophy to Darwin: a Brief History of Evolutionary Ideas

A) Biological entities can be organized into groups based on similarities.
B) Species are arranged on a scale from lower to higher forms.
C) Humans and other large species descended from microbes.
D) Parents pass traits to their offspring.

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A) well-confirmed, objective observation.
B) overall set of principles or mechanisms.
C) tentative explanation for an observation.
D) vague guess not based on evidence.

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A) natural selection.
B) sexual selection.
C) genetic drift.
D) heredity.

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A) Individuals vary in their traits.
B) Natural resources are limited.
C) Some individual variation is heritable.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

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Physics and engineering had a significan...

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William Smith (1769–1839), known as the ...

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A) visible weaponry on males
B) how fast embryos grow in the uterus
C) the shape of mammal limbs
D) a and b
E) a, b, and c

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A) Natural laws that are observable today also operated in the past.
B) Catastrophic events such as floods and volcanoes have played the primary role in shaping Earth's existing features.
C) Geological change happens gradually for the most part.
D) a and c
E) a, b, and c

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A) bacteria represent some of the youngest species on Earth.
B) organisms can adapt to their environment.
C) life arises spontaneously.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

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A) created the first geological map.
B) devised a system of taxonomy still in use today.
C) was the first to establish the fact of extinction.
D) first proposed the idea of natural selection.

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A

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Charles Darwin drew on embryology, the s...

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The work of geologists like James Hutton and Charles Lyell had a profound influence on Charles Darwin and his development of the theory of evolution by natural selection. Their contributions to the field of geology reshaped the understanding of Earth's history and processes, which in turn provided Darwin with a framework for thinking about the gradual change over time that is central to evolutionary theory. James Hutton (1726–1797), often referred to as the "father of modern geology," proposed the principle of uniformitarianism, which posits that the same natural laws and processes that operate in the universe now have always operated in the universe in the past and apply everywhere in the cosmos. This principle was a radical departure from the catastrophism and biblical chronology prevalent in the 18th century, which held that Earth's features were shaped by sudden, short-lived, violent events, such as the biblical flood. Hutton's ideas, published in his work "Theory of the Earth" (1788), introduced the concept of deep time, suggesting that the Earth was much older than the few thousand years suggested by biblical chronology. He argued that geological features could be explained by processes such as erosion, sedimentation, and volcanic activity occurring over immense periods of time. Charles Lyell (1797–1875) expanded upon Hutton's ideas and is best known for his three-volume work "Principles of Geology" (1830–1833), which popularized uniformitarianism. Lyell argued that the geological processes we observe in the present are the key to understanding the geological past, a concept often summarized by the phrase "the present is the key to the past." Lyell's work suggested that the Earth was subject to slow but continuous processes, such as erosion and uplift, which could account for all geological features over vast spans of time. Darwin was greatly influenced by Lyell's work, which he took with him on his voyage aboard the HMS Beagle. The concept of an ancient Earth gave Darwin the vast timescale necessary for natural selection to gradually produce the diversity of life. If Earth had a long history, then there had been enough time for species to adapt, diversify, and evolve from common ancestors. Furthermore, the principle of uniformitarianism suggested that small, cumulative changes could lead to significant effects over long periods. This idea was analogous to Darwin's concept of evolution, where small, heritable variations within a population could, over many generations, result in the evolution of new species. In summary, the work of geologists James Hutton and Charles Lyell provided Darwin with the concepts of deep time and gradual change through uniform processes. These ideas were crucial for Darwin's understanding of the natural world and underpinned his theory that species evolve over long periods through the process of natural selection.

A) The Origin of Species
B) The Descent of Man
C) The Principles of Geology
D) Natural Theology

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A) the mechanical function of living things is evidence of a divine designer.
B) the natural laws observable currently are responsible for events in the past.
C) differences between individuals cause some to reproduce more effectively than others.
D) life is arranged on a scale from lower to higher forms, with humans at the top of the scale.

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A) are a summative set of mechanism or principles.
B) explain major aspects of the natural world.
C) are supported by many different kinds of evidence.
D) all of the above

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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was a French natur...

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James Hutton, often referred to as the "...

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A) adapt.
B) fight.
C) mate.
D) swim.

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C