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The put/call ratio is computed as ____________, and higher values are considered ____________ signals.


A) the number of outstanding put options divided by outstanding call options; bullish or bearish
B) the number of outstanding put options divided by outstanding call options; bullish
C) the number of outstanding put options divided by outstanding call options; bearish
D) the number of outstanding call options divided by outstanding put options; bullish
E) the number of outstanding call options divided by outstanding put options; bearish

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____________ is a measure of the extent to which a movement in the market index is reflected in the price movements of all stocks in the market.


A) Put-call ratio
B) Trin ratio
C) Breadth
D) Confidence index
E) All of the options are correct.

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__________ can lead investors to misestimate the true probabilities of possible events or associated rates of return.


A) Information processing errors
B) Framing errors
C) Mental accounting errors
D) Regret avoidance

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This can be an indication of bearish sentiment among sophisticated investors.


A) short interest
B) high volume
C) recency news effect
D) a low trine measure
E) a high trine measure

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Statman (1977) argues that ________ is consistent with some investors' irrational preference for stocks with high cash dividends and with a tendency to hold losing positions too long.


A) mental accounting
B) regret avoidance
C) overconfidence
D) conservatism

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Tests of market efficiency have focused on


A) the mean-variance efficiency of the selected market proxy.
B) strategies that would have provided superior risk-adjusted returns.
C) results of actual investments of professional managers.
D) strategies that would have provided superior risk-adjusted returns and results of actual investments of professional managers.
E) the mean-variance efficiency of the selected market proxy and strategies that would have provided superior risk-adjusted returns.

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A decision-making procedure resulting from limited time and attention is called __________.


A) heuristics.
B) convexity.
C) volatility.
D) anomalies.
E) bias effect.

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The confidence index is computed from ____________, and higher values are considered ____________ signals.


A) bond yields; bearish
B) odd lot trades; bearish
C) odd lot trades; bullish
D) put/call ratios; bullish
E) bond yields; bullish

Correct Answer

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An example of ________ is that a person may reject an investment when it is posed in terms of risk surrounding potential gains, but may accept the same investment if it is posed in terms of risk surrounding potential losses.


A) framing
B) regret avoidance
C) overconfidence
D) conservatism

Correct Answer

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Suppose on August 27, there were 1,455 stocks that advanced on the NASDAQ and 1,553 that declined. The volume in advancing issues was 852,581, and the volume in declining issues was 1,058,312. The trin ratio for that day was ________, and technical analysts were likely to be ________.


A) 0.87; bullish
B) 0.87; bearish
C) 1.16; bullish
D) 1.16; bearish

Correct Answer

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Arbitrageurs may be unable to exploit behavioral biases due to I) fundamental risk.II) implementation costs.III) model risk.IV) conservatism.V) regret avoidance.


A) I and II only
B) I, II, and III
C) I, II, III, and V
D) II, III, and IV
E) IV and V

Correct Answer

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Information processing errors consist ofI) forecasting errors.II) overconfidence.III) conservatism.IV) framing.


A) I and II
B) I and III
C) III and IV
D) IV only
E) I, II, and III

Correct Answer

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