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Exam 6: Causation and Experimentation

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Question 21

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The criterion of time order indicates that the variation in the independent variable came before the

A) Time sensitive criterion variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Variation variable
D) Mechanistic variable

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Question 22

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Being able to show that variation in the independent variable came before variation in the dependent variable is crucial in illustrating the criterion of time order.

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Question 23

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A longitudinal research design is a study in which data can be collected

An important feature of a true experiment is that there is random assignment to

Using a Solomon four-group design, subjects are randomly assigned to

A discernable process that creates a causal connection between two variables is

Social experiments conducted in the 'real world' are known as

A source of causal invalidity that occurs when subjects who are chosen for a study because of their extreme scores on the dependent variable become less extreme due to natural cyclical or episodic change in the variable is known as

Empirical association is one of the conditions necessary to determine causality.

All true experiments measure the outcome in both groups after the experimental group has received the treatment which is known as the

The assessment of change in the dependent variable for both groups after the experimental condition has been applied is known as

All true experiments have a posttest.

The control group in a true experiment receives the treatment, or experimental manipulation.

Nonspuriousness is a relationship between two variables not due to a variation in a third variable.

Social experiments are always conducted in a laboratory or controlled environment.

When subjects develop or change during the experiment as part of an ongoing process independent of the experimental treatment is known as

Data collected at two or more points in time are

The John Henry effect is a type of contamination in experimental and quasi-experimental designs that occurs when control group members become aware that others are being denied some advantage and they increase their efforts by compensating.

If an event such as the murder trial of O.J.Simpson occurred during an experiment which changes the subjects' outcome scores, the effect on the experiment would be known as the

When treatment group members compare their situation to that of the control group members who are not receiving the treatment; experimental group members feel special simply because they are in the experiment.This effect is known as