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Exam 9: Physical,cognitive,and Identity Development in Adolescence

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Question 1

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In dealing with stressors during adolescence,which of the following is the most likely effect of the rumination coping style?

A) Direct attention externally
B) Decrease emotional reactivity
C) Increase intensity of depressed mood
D) Distract from focus on the problem

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Question 2

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Describe the characteristics of formal operational thinking and give an example of a real-life (non-academic)task or situation that requires formal operational reasoning.

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Characteristics of formal operational thought: Focuses not on specific contents but on relationships governing contents Involves coordinating multiple relationships Can be difficult even for adults (easier to deal with concrete features) The processes involved in identity achievement can illustrate the use of formal operational thinking.For example,in making a decision about a career path,an individual must think about his own skills,experiences,and interests.These contents must be weighed in light of opportunities,economic resources,concerns for those who depend on him now,and how to deal with their expectations.He needs to coordinate these relationships with his own future goals regarding marriage and family,lifestyle,and level of commitment to other priorities.In other words,he is coordinating many abstract relationships as he navigates a career pathway.

Question 3

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Which of the following elements is most closely associated with the concept of the imaginary audience?

A coping style that has been linked to higher levels of depression among adolescent girls and women is

Studies of racial or ethnic identity development by Rogers and Meltzoff (2017) suggest that as children enter adolescence,their view of race/ethnicity as an aspect of self-definition is typically which of the following?

Research into the personal and cognitive characteristics of each identity status provides additional insights.Which identity status group seems to lack trust in their ability to choose a meaningful path in life,may not feel they need to choose a path,and seems to lack optimism about their future?

When adolescents are found guilty of criminal activity,sentencing may involve weighing the individual's culpability and mitigating guilt.Researchers Steinberg and Scott argue that developmentally adolescents are less culpable on the basis of which of the following?

Based on studies of children in the U.S. ,menarche and spermarche occur earlier today than in children even 20 years ago.Which one of the following groups of children reaches these maturation milestones earliest?

Allie's 8^th grade academic work is a little more advanced than what she is used to.She is having a hard time keeping up,particularly in science,which is her first period course.The teacher moves very fast,despite the fact that most of the students look glassy-eyed from too little sleep.What is a puberty-related biological explanation for the students' behavior in science class?

James Marcia studied Erikson's work and saw embedded in Erikson's views the notion of two processes in identity formation.What are those two processes?

Which identity status is characterized by making commitments without exploration of alternatives and perhaps adopting a choice dictated by culture or family?

Which of the following most accurately reflects Erikson's view of identity?

Colin is applying for the pre-med major.Colin worked in the health science area for several years before returning to college.He is very serious about doing well in school.According to Marcia's categories of identity status,which placement would you assign to Colin with regard to his vocational identity?

Yvonne is an early-maturing 13-year-old 8^th grader who is a new student in an urban middle school.Last month she moved into the area with her mother and her three siblings.The family moved to be nearer to Yvonne's grandparents after the breakup of her parents' relationship.Yvonne is tall for her age and is bothered by the looks and sexual comments about her breasts from boys in her school.She has not been able to make friends at the new school.What does this example illustrate about the ease of the adolescent transition for early-maturing girls like Yvonne?

Characteristics that distinguish formal operational thought from lower levels of thinking include the following EXCEPT:

Current evidence lends strongest support to which of the following influences on sexual orientation?

When working with youth whose racial or ethnic heritage is biracial or multiracial,counselors are likely to find that

When parents engage in racial/ethnic socialization practices,some of the practices that help children develop a strong ethnic identity also lead to positive increases in identity,self-esteem,academic achievement,and less antisocial behavior.Based on some studies,which of the following practices is most likely to deliver mixed results (rather than the positive increases) ?

Rasheed is a 19-year-old college student whose family is making financial sacrifices to pay for his education.So far,his grade point average is not high enough to allow him entrance into the pre-med program,the course of study he intends to pursue.He also works part time as a youth counselor,a job he really likes.He is considering changing his major to education.According to Marcia's categories of identity status,which category would you assign to Rasheed with regard to his vocational identity?

Studies show gender differences in both depressed mood and clinical depression during adolescence.What is the gender difference in rates of major depression for 12- to 19-year-olds?