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Exam 20: The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology and Beyond

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Question 1

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What is one drawback of next- generation sequencing?

A) Next- generation sequencing works best on eukaryotic DNA.
B) Next- generation sequencing can only be used to sequence whole genomes.
C) Next- generation sequencing is slower than Sanger sequencing.
D) Next- generation sequencing has difficulty sequencing DNA with repetitive sequence.
E) Next- generation sequencing is more expensive than Sanger sequencing.

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Question 2

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In the current form of dideoxy DNA sequencing, the primer is unlabeled and each dideoxynucleotide is labeled with a different fluorescent marker. This method

A) eliminates the need to run sequencing reaction products on a gel.
B) eliminates the need for sophisticated machines to read the output of each sequencing reaction.
C) allows a DNA sequence to be determined from 4 separate sequencing reactions, each run on a separate lane of a gel.
D) allows a DNA sequence to be determined from one sequencing reaction that is run on a single lane of a gel.

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Question 3

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You ask your student to transfer a plasmid- free bacterial strain to multiple small tubes for long term storage. A short while later, your student admits that he did not use a clean sterile pipette to transfer the bacteria to the small tubes, but rather grabbed the same pipette he had just used to collect newly transformed bacteria. Why would this pose a problem?

What can proteomics reveal that genomics cannot?

How does a gene library differ from a gene clone?

Which type of disorder is most difficult to correct by gene therapy?

What is a gene family is composed of?

In early forensic applications of DNA fingerprinting, DNA was extracted from crime scene material, digested with restriction enzymes, and then analyzed. Today, PCR is used in the early steps of forensic DNA analysis. What advantage does PCR provide over the former method?

Which of the following is in the correct order for one cycle of PCR?

To create a viral vector for delivery of genes into mammalian cells, the virus must be engineered to

Imagine that you've isolated the complete human growth hormone gene directly from the human genome. After running through all the steps described in Chapter 20 for cloning and gene expression in bacteria, you find that no human growth hormone is expressed. What is the most likely explanation?

Plasmids are used as cloning vectors in genetic engineering. This means that plasmids allow for

In nature, what is the major mechanism of introducing new genes into eukaryotic genomes?

Why is it essential that genetic markers used in mapping disease genes be polymorphic?

Which of the following is a gene library?

If mRNAs could be ligated and replicated within plasmids, what enzyme commonly used in recombinant DNA technology would no longer be needed?

Proteomics is defined as the

What characteristic of short tandem repeats STRs) DNA makes it useful for DNA fingerprinting?

Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions) . A study by Krings et al. investigated Neanderthal DNA by amplifying 30 000- year- old samples and sequencing it. M. Krings Stone, R.W. Schmitz, H. Krainitzki, M. Stoneking, and S. Pääbo. 1997. Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans. Cell 90:19- 30) . Here is part of the lead paragraph in the "Methods" section of the Krings et al. paper: Protective clothing was worn throughout the sampling procedure. Instruments used were treated with 1 M HCl followed by e rinsing in distilled water. After removal, the sample was immediately put into a sterile tube for transport to Munich. All subse manipulations of the sample, and experimental procedures prior to cycling of PCR reactions, were carried out in laboratories dedicated to the analysis of archaeological specimens, where protective clothing, separate equipment and reagents, UV irradia other measures to... A concluding paragraph of the Krings et al. paper states: It must be emphasized that the above conclusions are based on a single individual sequence; the retrieval and analysis of mtD sequences from additional Neanderthal specimens is obviously desirable. If this proves possible, then the potential exists to address several questions concerning Neanderthals that hitherto could be studied exclusively by morphological and archaeological approaches. For example, the genetic relationship between Neanderthal populations in Europe and in western Asia could be explored, as could the demographic history of Neanderthal populations. -Why did the researchers wear protective clothing and note so emphatically that they did so?

A bacterial cell that has taken up plasmid DNA is