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Identify the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments.


A) identity crisis
B) identity diffusion
C) identity foreclosure
D) identity achievement

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The status of identity ________ occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, and vocations on their own.


A) achievement
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) diffusion

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Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll in a liberal arts course in the state college near their hometown. Ramon has not really thought much about this decision himself, and he will most likely follow their advice. James Marcia would classify Ramon's identity status as identity


A) diffusion.
B) foreclosure.
C) moratorium.
D) achievement.

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Is there any gender difference in the incidence of adolescent depression? What accounts for this gender difference?

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Adolescent females are far more likely t...

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Which of the following is the term that most researchers use to describe crisis?


A) foreclosure
B) exploration
C) moratorium
D) commitment

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At ________ years of age, romantic relations are characterized by strong emotional bonds more closely resembling those in adult romantic relationships.


A) 12 to 15
B) 11 to 13
C) 14 to 16
D) 17 to 19

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Irene, a 16-year-old girl, is a first-generation immigrant whose parents came to the United States from Ukraine when she was just a baby. Irene enjoys many of the same things that her American friends do but respects her culture's traditions and speaks to her parents in their native language. Irene seems to have formed a(n) ________ identity.


A) additive
B) bicultural
C) multiplicative
D) culturally confused

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Based on the results of the national surveys conducted in 2009 that were funded by the Kaiser Family Foundation, identify a true statement about media use and screen time in adolescents' lives.


A) Eight- to eleven-year-olds used media an average of 8 hours and 40 minutes a day.
B) The largest increases in media use in early adolescence involved listening to music.
C) Adolescents seldom engage in media multitasking.
D) Media use jumps more than 3 hours in early adolescence.

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As opposed to the trend in young children, teenagers typically prefer to have


A) a large group of friends, some of whom are especially intimate.
B) several friends but only one "best" friend.
C) friends that are of the same sex.
D) a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate.

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At which grade level does conformity to peers peak?


A) sixth and seventh grades
B) eighth and ninth grades
C) tenth and eleventh grades
D) the twelfth grade

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According to the old model of parent-adolescent relationships, ________.


A) parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence
B) parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe in most families
C) parents serve as important support systems while adolescents explore a wider, more complex social world
D) the everyday negotiations and minor disputes are normal

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According to the new model of parent-adolescent relationships, which of the following is a benefit of everyday negotiations and minor disputes?


A) They teach adolescents that their parents are not perfect.
B) They help adolescents become more autonomous.
C) They help adolescents accept parental control over their lives.
D) They teach parents how to exert more control over the lives of adolescents.

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This person is considered the most influential theorist to discuss the importance of adolescent friendships. He argued that the need for intimacy intensifies during early adolescence, motivating teenagers to seek out close friends. Identify the individual.

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Harry Stac...

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Nancy was not able to decide whether she should major in music or take up an undergraduate program in engineering. After significant exploration of both options, she finally chose the latter, with a minor in music. Identify Nancy's status of identity.


A) identity diffusion
B) identity foreclosure
C) identity moratorium
D) identity achievement

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According to Harry Stack Sullivan, if adolescents fail to develop close friendships, they


A) experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth.
B) develop healthier self-esteem as adults than their peers.
C) engage in less delinquent behavior.
D) become more social as they grow older.

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Explain the concept of psychosocial moratorium. What happens to individuals who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis?

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Psychosocial moratorium is the term used...

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Sandra and Selena are both in high school. Sandra thinks that being a member of a crowd is more helpful in forming friendships than being a member of a clique, but Selena thinks otherwise. Which of the following statements most likely supports Selena's argument?


A) A crowd is less personal than a clique.
B) A clique contains more members than a crowd.
C) Unlike the formation of a crowd, the formation of a clique is based on reputation.
D) Unlike in a clique, the members of a crowd spend a lot of time together.

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Mindy wants to pursue a career in the aeronautical industry. She wants to become either an engineer or a pilot. After discussing with her parents, she decides to become an aeronautical engineer. In this scenario, in which Mindy's crisis of identity development is resolved and in which she has made a commitment, she is most likely in the status of identity referred to as


A) identity achievement.
B) identity foreclosure.
C) identity moratorium.
D) identity diffusion.

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Which of the following statements about dating in gay and lesbian youth is true?


A) Sexual minority youth seldom date other-sex peers to disguise their sexual orientation from others.
B) Most gay and lesbian youth seldom have same-sex sexual experience.
C) Gay and lesbian youth do not get emotionally affected by the breakup of a same-sex relationship they were involved in.
D) Some gay and lesbian youth continue to have a same-sex orientation while others have a primarily heterosexual orientation.

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According to a 2010 survey, which of the following is the main way that adolescents connect with their friends?


A) phone calls
B) instant messaging
C) e-mail
D) text messaging

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