Question 1

By selective breeding, researchers can produce bold or shy birds. This best illustrates that some personality differences among birds are

Accepted Answer

A)   fixations.
B)   empirically derived.
C)   genetically influenced.
D)   defense mechanisms.

Question 2

Although Rolf frequently cheats on classroom tests, he justifies his behavior by erroneously thinking that most other students cheat even more than he does. His mistaken belief best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   the spotlight effect.
B)   reaction formation.
C)   an external locus of control.
D)   self-serving bias.

Question 3

In assessing candidates for spy missions during World War II, U.S. Army psychologists subjected them to simulated undercover conditions. This best illustrates the use of an assessment strategy favored by ________ theories.

Accepted Answer

A)   trait
B)   psychoanalytic
C)   social-cognitive
D)   humanistic

Question 4

Assessing an individual's standing on the Big Five today has the advantage of providing a ________ personality description.

Accepted Answer

A)   fixated
B)   flattering
C)   psychosexual
D)   comprehensive

Question 5

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classifies people according to personality types identified by

Accepted Answer

A)   Gordon Allport.
B)   Carl Jung.
C)   Albert Bandura.
D)   Carl Rogers.

Question 6

Compared with those who perceive an external locus of control, people who perceive an internal locus of control are more likely to

Accepted Answer

A)   be introverted personalities.
B)   give others unconditional positive regard.
C)   conform to social pressure.
D)   cope effectively with stress.

Question 7

Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider ________ to be of pivotal importance to personality.

Accepted Answer

A)   the superego
B)   unconditional positive regard
C)   the sense of self
D)   the collective unconscious

Question 8

Unlike country, pop, and religious music lovers, those who prefer classical, jazz, blues, and folk music tend to score high on the Big Five trait dimension known as

Accepted Answer

A)   extraversion.
B)   openness.
C)   neuroticism.
D)   conscientiousness.

Question 9

Seligman has found that humans and animals who are exposed to aversive events they cannot escape may develop

Accepted Answer

A)   an internal locus of control.
B)   a reaction formation.
C)   learned helplessness.
D)   neurotic anxiety.

Question 10

When Vanessa noticed that she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   the spotlight effect.
B)   defensive self-esteem.
C)   reciprocal determinism.
D)   the Barnum effect.

Question 11

People are especially likely to demonstrate an increase in ________ during their twenties.

Accepted Answer

A)   conscientiousness
B)   extraversion
C)   openness
D)   emotional instability

Question 12

Research on self-perception indicates that most people

Accepted Answer

A)   feel more personally responsible for their failures than for their successes.
B)   view themselves very favorably in comparison to most others.
C)   underestimate the accuracy of their beliefs and judgments.
D)   are unrealistically pessimistic about their personal future.

Question 13

Although she is intelligent and a good athlete, Abigail believes that her low grades in school and losing the quarter-mile race are reflections of her own intellectual and athletic incompetence. Her conclusion best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   the false consensus effect.
B)   reciprocal determinism.
C)   the spotlight effect.
D)   a pessimistic attributional style.

Question 14

Sheryl is very outgoing and fun-loving. She prefers to be around other people most of the time. She most clearly ranks high on the Big Five trait dimension known as

Accepted Answer

A)   openness.
B)   collectivism.
C)   extraversion.
D)   conscientiousness.

Question 15

The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the interactive influences of our traits and our

Accepted Answer

A)   temperaments.
B)   situations.
C)   fixations.
D)   self-concepts.

Question 16

Some contemporary researchers are focusing their work on

Accepted Answer

A)   basic dimensions of personality.
B)   promoting positive aspects of life.
C)   classic theories of behavior.
D)   negative states.

Question 17

A consistent tendency to be shy is best described as a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   trait.
B)   projection.
C)   Oedipus complex.
D)   false consensus effect.

Question 18

Overestimating the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance and performance is called

Accepted Answer

A)   external locus of control.
B)   self-serving bias.
C)   the spotlight effect.
D)   fixation.

Question 19

Studies of college students' conscientiousness revealed only a modest relationship between a student being conscientious on one occasion and being similarly conscientious on another occasion. This should make psychologists more cautious about overestimating the impact of ________ on behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)   repression
B)   personality traits
C)   reciprocal determinism
D)   unconditional positive regard

Question 20

In every one of the 53 countries surveyed, people typically expressed self-esteem above the midpoint of the most widely used self-esteem scale. This best illustrates the pervasiveness of

Accepted Answer

A)   extraversion.
B)   the spotlight effect.
C)   self-serving bias.
D)   an external locus of control.

Exam 42: Trait Theories, Social-Cognitive Theories, and the Self

Some contemporary researchers are focusing their work on

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Studies of college students' conscientiousness revealed only a modest relationship between a student being conscientious on one occasion and being similarly conscientious on another occasion. This should make psychologists more cautious about overestimating the impact of ________ on behavior.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

By selective breeding, researchers can produce bold or shy birds. This best illustrates that some personality differences among birds are

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Research on self-perception indicates that most people

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider ________ to be of pivotal importance to personality.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A consistent tendency to be shy is best described as a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Assessing an individual's standing on the Big Five today has the advantage of providing a ________ personality description.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Seligman has found that humans and animals who are exposed to aversive events they cannot escape may develop

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classifies people according to personality types identified by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Compared with those who perceive an external locus of control, people who perceive an internal locus of control are more likely to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

People are especially likely to demonstrate an increase in ________ during their twenties.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Sheryl is very outgoing and fun-loving. She prefers to be around other people most of the time. She most clearly ranks high on the Big Five trait dimension known as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Overestimating the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance and performance is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Although she is intelligent and a good athlete, Abigail believes that her low grades in school and losing the quarter-mile race are reflections of her own intellectual and athletic incompetence. Her conclusion best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Unlike country, pop, and religious music lovers, those who prefer classical, jazz, blues, and folk music tend to score high on the Big Five trait dimension known as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the interactive influences of our traits and our

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Although Rolf frequently cheats on classroom tests, he justifies his behavior by erroneously thinking that most other students cheat even more than he does. His mistaken belief best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In every one of the 53 countries surveyed, people typically expressed self-esteem above the midpoint of the most widely used self-esteem scale. This best illustrates the pervasiveness of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In assessing candidates for spy missions during World War II, U.S. Army psychologists subjected them to simulated undercover conditions. This best illustrates the use of an assessment strategy favored by ________ theories.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When Vanessa noticed that she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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