Question 1

In national surveys, most business executives say they are more ethical than their average counterpart. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   an external locus of control.
B)   the spotlight effect.
C)   self-serving bias.
D)   reciprocal determinism.

Question 2

When Professor McKay nervously began teaching a university class for the first time, he overestimated the extent to which his students would notice that he was anxious. His reaction best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   self-serving bias.
B)   the spotlight effect.
C)   reaction formation.
D)   reciprocal determinism.

Question 3

Being sociable and fun-loving is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of

Accepted Answer

A)   openness.
B)   conscientiousness.
C)   extraversion.
D)   emotional stability. C

Question 4

If children's positive self-esteem is largely a consequence rather than a cause of their successful accomplishments, parents would be best advised to enable their children to

Accepted Answer

A)   develop an external locus of control.
B)   recognize that positive self-esteem inhibits self-serving bias.
C)   effectively surmount challenges and achieve success.
D)   experience positive self-esteem regardless of how well or how poorly they perform.

Question 5

Which of the following tests characteristically describes personality in complimentary terms?

Accepted Answer

A)   Rorschach inkblot test
B)   Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
C)   MMPI
D)   TAT

Question 6

Practicing ________ has been observed to reduce blood sugar and neural activity associated with mental focus.

Accepted Answer

A)   self-serving bias
B)   free association
C)   self-control
D)   unconditional positive regard

Question 7

To identify a relatively small number of the most basic personality traits, trait theorists have used

Accepted Answer

A)   projective tests.
B)   free association.
C)   the MMPI.
D)   factor analysis.

Question 8

The passive resignation that accompanies an inability to avoid repeated traumatic events is called

Accepted Answer

A)   the false consensus effect.
B)   learned helplessness.
C)   the Barnum effect.
D)   an internal locus of control.

Question 9

Which of the following is true of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory?

Accepted Answer

A)   It is an empirically derived test.
B)   It can be administered and scored only by a trained psychologist.
C)   It is the most widely used projective test.
D)   It was designed to assess the personality traits of normal, psychologically healthy individuals.

Question 10

Most college students perceive themselves as less likely than their average classmates to go deeply into debt on their high-interest credit cards. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   unconditional positive regard.
B)   unrealistic optimism.
C)   an Electra complex.
D)   an external locus of control.

Question 11

To assess the attributional style of your classmates, you would be best advised to discover

Accepted Answer

A)   what grades they anticipate receiving in future courses.
B)   how they explain their academic failures, financial setbacks, and relationship difficulties.
C)   how much financial debt they are willing to incur in order to complete their education.
D)   how many people they consider to be their close friends. B

Question 12

Trait theorists have been criticized for

Accepted Answer

A)   underestimating the potential influence of biological factors on personality development.
B)   underestimating the extent to which people differ from one another.
C)   overestimating the consistency of behavior from one situation to another.
D)   overestimating the importance of reciprocal determinism on adult personality traits.

Question 13

People's scores on personality tests often fail to predict their behavior in a real-life situation. This should make us more cautious about overemphasizing the impact of ________ on behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)   traits
B)   reciprocal determinism
C)   unconditional positive regard
D)   self-actualization

Question 14

The trait of optimism is most closely related to a strong sense of

Accepted Answer

A)   conditional positive regard.
B)   free association.
C)   reciprocal determinism.
D)   personal control.

Question 15

Analena's refusal to purchase fattening snacks at the grocery store is both a cause and a consequence of her superior dietary self-control. This best illustrates the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)   the spotlight effect.
B)   reciprocal determinism.
C)   an external locus of control.
D)   defensive self-esteem. B

Question 16

Research participants were most likely to react aggressively to criticism of their written essays if they experienced ________ self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

A)   unrealistically low
B)   moderately low
C)   moderately high
D)   unrealistically high

Question 17

Evidence that our traits persist over time and across different settings is of greatest relevance to

Accepted Answer

A)   positive psychology.
B)   self-transcendence.
C)   unconditional positive regard.
D)   the person-situation controversy.

Question 18

Mr. Carlson is a politician who credits his past election victories to his own effective communication and hard work; he attributes his past election losses to factors beyond his control. His assessments best illustrate

Accepted Answer

A)   reciprocal determinism.
B)   the Barnum effect.
C)   self-serving bias.
D)   the spotlight effect.

Question 19

Your score on an extraversion test does not neatly predict how sociable you will be on any given occasion. This observation is most clearly highlighted by ________ theories.

Accepted Answer

A)   psychoanalytic
B)   social-cognitive
C)   trait
D)   humanistic

Question 20

People who score high on the Big Five trait dimension known as ________ are also more likely to be morning types ("larks")  rather than evening types ("owls") .

Accepted Answer

A)   openness
B)   neuroticism
C)   extraversion
D)   conscientiousness

Exam 42: A: Trait Theories, Social A:cognitive Theories, and the Self

In national surveys, most business executives say they are more ethical than their average counterpart. This best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When Professor McKay nervously began teaching a university class for the first time, he overestimated the extent to which his students would notice that he was anxious. His reaction best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Being sociable and fun-loving is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of

Correct AnswerverifiedC

If children's positive self-esteem is largely a consequence rather than a cause of their successful accomplishments, parents would be best advised to enable their children to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following tests characteristically describes personality in complimentary terms?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Practicing ________ has been observed to reduce blood sugar and neural activity associated with mental focus.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

To identify a relatively small number of the most basic personality traits, trait theorists have used

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The passive resignation that accompanies an inability to avoid repeated traumatic events is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is true of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Most college students perceive themselves as less likely than their average classmates to go deeply into debt on their high-interest credit cards. This best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

To assess the attributional style of your classmates, you would be best advised to discover

Correct AnswerverifiedB

Trait theorists have been criticized for

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

People's scores on personality tests often fail to predict their behavior in a real-life situation. This should make us more cautious about overemphasizing the impact of ________ on behavior.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The trait of optimism is most closely related to a strong sense of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Analena's refusal to purchase fattening snacks at the grocery store is both a cause and a consequence of her superior dietary self-control. This best illustrates the importance of

Correct AnswerverifiedB

Research participants were most likely to react aggressively to criticism of their written essays if they experienced ________ self-esteem.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Evidence that our traits persist over time and across different settings is of greatest relevance to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Mr. Carlson is a politician who credits his past election victories to his own effective communication and hard work; he attributes his past election losses to factors beyond his control. His assessments best illustrate

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Your score on an extraversion test does not neatly predict how sociable you will be on any given occasion. This observation is most clearly highlighted by ________ theories.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

People who score high on the Big Five trait dimension known as ________ are also more likely to be morning types ("larks") rather than evening types ("owls") .

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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C

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B

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B

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