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Ascending somatic sensory pathways to the cerebral cortex consist of thousands of sets of three neurons: first-order neurons, second-order neurons, and third-order neurons.

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_____ is defined as the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal conditions of the body.


A) Sensation
B) Adaptation
C) Perception
D) Reception

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The receptors for pain:


A) are free nerve endings called nociceptors.
B) may be stimulated by chemicals released by injured tissues.
C) respond to any type of stimulus if it is of sufficient intensity.
D) all of these choices

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Which of the following is a sensation that is NOT carried by the spinothalamic pathways?


A) pain
B) itch
C) tickle
D) proprioception

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Final common pathways consist of:


A) upper motor neurons.
B) lower motor neurons.
C) upper and lower motor neurons.
D) interneurons.

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_____ is the conscious awareness and interpretation of a sensation.


A) Modality
B) Adaptation
C) Perception
D) Integration
E) Proprioception

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Which of the following is classified as a special sense?


A) touch
B) pain
C) equilibrium
D) vibration

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Pyramidal pathways:


A) innervate skeletal muscles only.
B) contain upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons.
C) extend from the cerebral cortex, through the medulla, and then to their destination, either through cranial nerves or through spinal cord tracts and spinal nerves.
D) all of these choices

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Referred pain site for the kidneys Referred pain site for the kidneys   A)  A B)  B C)  C D)  D


A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

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The receptors for pain, temperature, itch and tickle are all free nerve endings.

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Which of the following cutaneous receptors are responsible for fine touch? 1) type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors 2) end organs of Ruffini 3) type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors 4) corpuscles of touch (Meissner corpuscles)


A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 1, 3
C) 2, 4
D) 1, 4

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Tendon organs contain intrafusal fibers.

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Visceral senses and somatic senses are grouped together in the class called general senses.

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The majority of commands from the motor cortex to skeletal muscles travel via the anterior corticospinal tracts in the spinal cord.

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Which of the following develop as specialized muscle fibers?


A) tendon organs
B) hair cells of the inner ear
C) muscle spindles
D) joint kinesthetic receptors

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Which of the following proprioceptors contain dendrites of slowly adapting sensory neurons? 1) muscle spindles 2) tendon organs 3) joint kinesthetic receptors


A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 1 and 2

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Make a diagram showing the locations of the neuronal components of the anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathways and describe the functions of the pathways.

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See Fig. 2...

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Proprioceptive information may be conveyed to the cerebellum via sensory neurons that travel in spinocerebellar tracts.

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Select the best description for the function of the tectospinal tract:


A) impulses for coordination of movements of the trunk and proximal parts of the limbs
B) impulses that move the head and eyes in response to visual or auditory stimuli
C) conveys nerve impulses from motor cortex to skeletal muscles of head and neck to coordinate precise, voluntary movements
D) impulses for subconscious proprioception
E) impulses for precise voluntary movements of the hands and feet

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A person is only truly in a coma when all reflex activity ceases.

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