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Proactive interference occurs when


A) new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.
B) previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information.
C) a person loses memories of events that occurred prior to a head injury.
D) a person loses memories of events that occur after a head injury.

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Which theory of forgetting would best explain Emily's being unable to remember her second grade teacher's name yesterday, but today Emily can remember her teacher's name?


A) interference
B) motivated forgetting
C) retrieval failure
D) decay

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The view that short-term and long term memory were independent systems was based originally on the idea that short-term memory depended on ____ encoding and long-term memory depended on ____ encoding.


A) phonemic; semantic
B) acoustic; semantic
C) semantic; acoustic
D) phonemic; acoustic

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Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are referred to as


A) episodic memories.
B) flashbulb memories.
C) tip-of-the-tongue memories.
D) long-term memories.

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The process of making attributions about the origins of memories is referred to as


A) reality monitoring.
B) source monitoring.
C) buffering.
D) a contraindication.

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Imagine you complete a computer-programming course, but never have a chance to use the programming language once the course is over. Based on the research results reported by Ebbinghaus, over the years you should expect


A) there will be a constant, steady decline in what you are able to recall from the programming course.
B) most of what you learned will be forgotten early, but later there will be a slow, steady increase in what you are able to recall from the programming course.
C) very little of what you learned will be forgotten early, but later there will be a rapid decline in what you are able to recall from the programming course.
D) most of what you learned will be forgotten early, and there will continue to be a slow decline in what you are able to recall from the programming course.

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The first memory process that involves getting information into memory is


A) memorization.
B) storage.
C) encoding.
D) retrieval.

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Pseudoforgetting is information loss due to ineffective


A) encoding only.
B) storage only.
C) retrieval only.
D) encoding, storage, and retrieval.

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A retrieval cue is


A) a brain structure stimulus used to locate a particular memory.
B) the same thing as an elaboration encoding variable.
C) a stimulus associated with a memory that is used to locate that memory.
D) always based on the mood you were in when a memory was first encoded.

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