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So-called _____climates are periods with relatively warmer temperatures.


A) greenhouse
B) coolhouse
C) glasshouse
D) conservatory
E) hothouse

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As permafrost thaws,increased microbial activity in the soils results in the release of more carbon to the atmosphere.More carbon in the atmosphere accelerated the greenhouse effect.This is known as the


A) ice-albedo feedback.
B) water-vapor feedback.
C) permafrost-carbon feedback.
D) wildfire-carbon feedback.
E) CO2-weathering feedback.

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Worldwide annual glacial mass balance Annual mass balance of glaciers worldwide from 1980 to 2012 A) indicates a positive cumulative annual mass balance. B) shows a negative cumulative annual mass balance. C) has fluctuated greatly,with some positive and some negative years. D) trends near zero,indicating snowfall and melting are mostly equal. E) was positive through 1995 and has been slightly negative since. Worldwide annual glacial mass balance Annual mass balance of glaciers worldwide from 1980 to 2012


A) indicates a positive cumulative annual mass balance.
B) shows a negative cumulative annual mass balance.
C) has fluctuated greatly,with some positive and some negative years.
D) trends near zero,indicating snowfall and melting are mostly equal.
E) was positive through 1995 and has been slightly negative since.

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Concentrations of methane gas since 1985 Present atmospheric methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) concentrations are at approximately_ ppb. A) 250 B) 750 C) 1000 D) 1500 E) 1800 Concentrations of methane gas since 1985 Present atmospheric methane (CH4) concentrations are at approximately_ ppb.


A) 250
B) 750
C) 1000
D) 1500
E) 1800

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Describe the functioning of a general circulation model.What are some of the predictions for the 21st Century based on GCMs?

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GCMs are statistical models representing...

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Greenhouse gases: Relative percentages of radiative forcing Which of the following gases accounts for the largest amount of radiative forcing? A) carbon dioxide (CO2) B) nitrous oxides (N2O) C) chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) D) methane (CH4) E) hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Greenhouse gases: Relative percentages of radiative forcing Which of the following gases accounts for the largest amount of radiative forcing?


A) carbon dioxide (CO2)
B) nitrous oxides (N2O)
C) chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
D) methane (CH4)
E) hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

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Ocean sediment cores provide a climate record for the past ____years.


A) 50,000
B) 800,000
C) 2 million
D) 10 million
E) 70 million

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Which of the following is not an example of methods used for short-term climate reconstructions?


A) dendrochronology
B) ocean sediment core analysis
C) carbon isotope analysis
D) speleothems analysis
E) lake core analysis

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As air temperatures increase,evaporation increases.Warmer temperatures also increase the capacity to absorb water vapor.More water vapor in the atmosphere accelerates the greenhouse effect.As temperatures increase further,more water vapor can enter the atmosphere,causing temperatures to increase even more.This is an example of a(n)


A) positive feedback loop.
B) negative feedback loop.
C) threshold.
D) static state.
E) equilibrium state.

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According to readings from the Mauna Loa Observatory,CO2 concentrations currently exceed ___.


A) 100-ppm
B) 200-ppm
C) 300-ppm
D) 400-ppm
E) 500-ppm

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The process of chemical weathering transfers CO2 from the atmosphere to the lithosphere and hydrosphere,thereby providing a natural buffer to climatic change over long time scales.This is an example of a(n)


A) positive feedback loop.
B) negative feedback loop.
C) threshold.
D) static state.
E) equilibrium state.

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The 16O evaporates ___ than 18O,and condenses___ .


A) less easily;more easily
B) less easily;less easily
C) more easily;less easily
D) more easily;more easily
E) more rapidly;more slowly

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What is radiative forcing? List gases and aerosols that have positive or negative radiative forcing.What is the primary source of each?

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Radiative forcing (climate forcing)descr...

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The 1997 legally binding international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is known as the


A) Montreal Protocol.
B) Kyoto Protocol.
C) CITES.
D) ICRW.
E) Clean Air Act.

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The key elements of climate change science include which of the following?


A) study of past climates,only
B) measurement of current climatic change,only
C) projection of future climate scenarios,only
D) establishing policy on CO2 emissions
E) study of past climates,measurement of current climatic change,and projection of future climate scenarios

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What are some examples of positive and negative climate feedback loops?

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Examples include water-vapor feedback,pe...

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The Medieval Climate Anomaly was


A) a mild climate episode that lasted from 800 to 1200 and involved warmer than normal conditions in the North Atlantic region (e.g.Greenland and Iceland) .
B) the current period of unprecedented warming that has occurred since 1980.
C) a warming trend that occurred from the Last Glacial Maximum until the Little Ice Age (1250) .
D) a global cooling trend that lasted from approximately 1250 to 1850.
E) higher than average temperatures throughout Asia,but mostly affecting China,that occurred during the Classical Chinese Medieval Period.

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"Snowball Earth" refers to


A) an extreme icehouse climate from 600 to 700 million years ago with ice sheets extending to the tropics.
B) a climate model that predicts large expanses of ice sheets due to negative feedback loops triggered by climate change.
C) the Pleistocene glaciation ending 12,000 years ago when the Laurentide Ice Sheet covered large portions of North America.
D) a hypothesized model of climate change based on massive volcanic eruptions and/or nuclear fallout creating a global winter.
E) a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras.

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Radiocarbon dating of organic material may provide a climate record for up to ____years before present.


A) 10,000
B) 25,000
C) 50,000
D) 75,000
E) 150,000

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What steps can you take to help reduce climate change?

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Answers will vary,but may include not pr...

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